Phyllanthus

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Phyllanthus
Illustration of Phyllanthus acidus

Illustration of Phyllanthus acidus

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Phyllanthaceae
Tribe : Phyllantheae
Sub tribus : Flueggeinae
Genre : Phyllanthus
Scientific name
Phyllanthus
L.

Phyllanthus is a plant genus in the family of Phyllanthaceae . The 750 to 900 Phyllanthus species occur mainly in the tropics and subtropics , only a few species thrive in temperate zones .

description

Illustration of the amla tree ( Phyllanthus emblica )
Illustration of Phyllanthus hivaoaense : branch (A), underside of leaf (B), axilla with stipules (C), female flowers (D), details of the female flower (E), calyx lobes (F – G), lengthways view of the female flower (H) , Capsule fruit (I) - from David H. Lorence, Warren L. Wagner, 2011

Appearance and leaves

Phyllanthus species grow as herbaceous plants , shrubs or trees . Most Phyllanthus species grow terrestrially, but Phyllanthus fluitans and Phyllanthus leonardianus are real aquatic plants .

The leaves are arranged spirally or in two rows, while they are often arranged on the branches in such a way that the impression of pinnate leaves is created; sometimes the leaves are concentrated at the ends of the branches. The leaves are short stalked. The leaf blade is simple, entire and pinnate. The leaf surfaces can be hairy; the hairs ( trichomes ) are usually simple or rarely branched. In many species the leaves are reduced like scales and then the branches are transformed into phyllocladia and take over photosynthesis . The small stipules can be durable or obsolete.

Inflorescences and flowers

Phyllanthus species are mostly monoecious ( monoecious ), or less often dioecious ( dioecious ), separate sexes. The flowers are lateral, sometimes in leafless nodes , individually or in bundled, clustered, zymous , racemose or paniculate inflorescences . The inflorescence stems are delicate. The flowers or inflorescences can sit directly on the phyllocladia (for example Phyllanthus angustifolius , Phyllanthus arbuscula , see photos).

The small flowers are always unisexual. There are rarely only two, usually three to six, in female flowers sometimes more free sepals in one or two circles; their edge can be smooth, toothed or fringed. The three to six nectar glands are usually free in male flowers; in female flowers they are free or fused to form a ring-shaped or urn-shaped disc that surrounds the ovary. The male flowers have no petals and they have two to six stamens , the stamens of which can be free or fused. In the female flowers are usually three, often up to twelve carpels to zwölfkammerigen to a mostly three, rarely up, Upper permanent ovary grown, who rarely something is usually smooth rough or hairy. There are two ovules in each ovary chamber . The usually three, rarely up to twelve upright, spread out or bent back stylus are seldom simple at their end, mostly bilobed or two-parted.

Fruits and seeds

Mostly more or less spherical capsule fruits with a smooth or warty surface are formed, which disintegrate into three twofold partial fruits when ripe. Fleshy berries or stone fruits are seldom formed. The large, triangular seeds have a dry, crust-like seed coat with a smooth, sculpted or striped surface and contain whitish, cartilaginous endosperm and a straight or slightly curved embryo .

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is x = 13.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Phyllanthus was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, pp. 981-982. The genus name Phyllanthus is made up of the Greek words phyllon for "leaf" and anthos for "flower", this refers to the flowers on the phyllocladia of some Phyllanthus species . Phyllanthus niruri L. was specified as the lectotype species in 1913 by John Kunkel Small in Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown : An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States , 2nd edition, 2, p. 453.

Synonyms for Phyllanthus L. are: Anisonema A.Juss. , Aporosella Chodat , Arachnodes Gagnep. , Ardinghalia Comm. ex Juss. , Asterandra Klotzsch , Cathetus Lour. , Ceramanthus Hassk. , Chorisandra Wight , Cicca L. , Clambus Miers , Conami Aubl. , Dendrophyllanthus S.Moore , Dicholactina Hance , Dimorphocladium Britton , Emblica Gaertn. , Epistylium Sw. , Eriococcus Hassk. , Fluggeopsis K.Schum. , Geminaria Raf. , Genesiphylla L'Hér. , Hemicicca Baill. , Hemiglochidion (Müll. Arg.) K.Schum. , Hexadena Raf. , Hexaspermum Domin , Kirganelia Juss. , Leichhardtia F. Muell. , Lomanthes Raf ., Maborea Aubl. , Macraea Wight , Menarda Comm. ex Juss. , Mirobalanus burm . nom. inval., Moeroris Raf. , Nellica Raf. , Niruri Adans. , Nymania K. Schum. , Nymphanthus Lour. , Orbicularia Baill. , Oxalistylis Baill. , Phyllanthodendron Hemsl. , Ramsdenia Britton , Reidia Wight , Reverchonia A. Gray , Rhopium Schreb. Handle , Roigia Britton , Scepasma flower , Staurothylax . , Synexemia Raf. , Tricarium Lour. , Uranthera Pax & K. Hoffm . , Urinaria medic. , Williamia Baill. , Xylophylla L. Since David H. Lorence, Warren L. Wagner 2011 the species belong to the genus Glochidion J.R. Forest . & G.Forst. (Syn .: Agyneia L. , Bradleia Cav. Orth. Var., Bradleja Banks ex Gaertn. , Coccoglochidion K.Schum. , Diasperus Kuntze , Episteira Raf. , Glochidionopsis Blume , Glochisandra Wight , Gynoon Juss. , Lobocarpus Wight & Arn. , Pseudoglochidion Gamble , Tetraglochidion K.Schum. , Zarcoa Llanos ) back to Phyllanthus .

The genus Phyllanthus belongs to the subtribe Flueggeinae from the tribe Phyllantheae within the family Phyllanthaceae . This family was formerly part of the family of milkweed plants (Euphorbiaceae) as the subfamily Phyllanthoideae .

The genus Phyllanthus has a very wide distribution area in the world. It occurs mainly in the tropics and subtropics, only a few species thrive in temperate areas . In Madagascar 57 species are found, 50 of them only there. About 37 species occur in China , 13 of them only there. In Jamaica and New Caledonia respectively some species occur, this island species are more or less at risk.

Overview of the species of the genus Phyllanthus
Habit of the gooseberry tree Phyllanthus acidus
Grosella fruits from the gooseberry tree ( Phyllanthus acidus )
Habit and flowers of the gooseberry tree ( Phyllanthus acidus )
Phyllocladium with flowers of Phyllanthus angustifolius
Habitus, phyllocladia and flowers of Phyllanthus arbuscula
Holotype of Phyllanthus cocumbiensis
Branch with flowers of Phyllanthus distichus
Branch with amla fruits of the amla tree ( Phyllanthus emblica )
Branch with pods of Phyllanthus juglandifolius
Habit of Phyllanthus microcladus
Habit of Phyllanthus mirabilis
Habit and flowers of the beautiful leaf blossom ( Phyllanthus pulcher )
Branch with stalked leaves of Phyllanthus reticulatus
Habit of Phyllanthus roseus
Habit of Phyllanthus sphaerogynus
Branch with flowers and young fruit of Phyllanthus tenellus
Habit of Phyllanthus urinaria

There are 750 to 900 Phyllanthus species:

use

The ripe, very acidic fruits of the Amla tree ( Phyllanthus emblica ) are eaten raw or preserved; they contain 1% to 1.8% vitamin C. Their seeds, roots and leaves are used medicinally. The dried leaves of Phyllanthus emblica are sometimes used to stuff pillows.

Phyllanthus fluitans Benth. ex Müll.Arg. , called floating milkweed according to the old nomenclature with the common name , is a free-flowing floating plant that is occasionally cultivated as an aquarium plant.

The fruits of the gooseberry tree ( Phyllanthus acidus ) called grosella are eaten.

The roots and leaves of Phyllanthus bodinieri are used (in China) for traumatic injuries . The roots of Phyllanthus glaucus are used in cases of malnutrition in children caused by parasites in the intestinal tract. Phyllanthus myrtifolius is used in Chinese medicine . Plant parts of Phyllanthus tsarongensis are used in urinary stone diseases . All plant parts of Phyllanthus ussuriensis are used medicinally as astringent or antidiarrheal. All plant parts of Phyllanthus virgatus are used in cases of malnutrition in children caused by parasites in the intestinal tract.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j David H. Lorence, Warren L. Wagner: A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. In: PhytoKeys, Volume 4, 2011, pp. 67-94. doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1581
  2. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  3. ↑ Phyllanthus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ a b c Phyllanthus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Phyllanthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  6. ↑ a b c d Phyllanthus at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ Phyllanthus aeneus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: V. Hequet, 2007. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  8. ^ A b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Phyllanthus at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  10. ↑ Phyllanthus arbuscula in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert: Phyllanthus , p. 180, same text online as printed work , In : Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, April 11, 2008, ISBN 978 -1-930723-73-3 .
  12. ↑ Phyllanthus axillary in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: Kelly DL, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  13. ↑ Phyllanthus caesiifolius in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: M. Cheek, 2004. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  14. ↑ Phyllanthus cauliflorus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  15. ↑ Phyllanthus Cladanthus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  16. ↑ Phyllanthus conjugatus in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: V. Hequet, 2007. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  17. ↑ Phyllanthus deplanchei in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: V. Hequet, 2007. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  18. ↑ Phyllanthus eximius in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: Kelly DL, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  19. ↑ Phyllanthus fadyenii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  20. ↑ Phyllanthus faguetii in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: V. Hequet, 2007. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  21. ↑ Phyllanthus gentryi in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: M. Mitré, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  22. ↑ Phyllanthus latifolius in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  23. ↑ Phyllanthus Millei in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: J. Santiana, C. Cerón & N. Pitman, 2004. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  24. ↑ Phyllanthus montanus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  25. ↑ Phyllanthus Nyale in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: C. Hilton-Taylor & CM Pollock, 2004. Retrieved on 01-11-2011.
  26. ↑ Phyllanthus pindaiensis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Posted by: V. Hequet, 2007. Retrieved on 25-01-2015.
  27. ↑ Phyllanthus profusus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Posted by: W. Hawthorne, 1998. Retrieved on 25-01-2015.
  28. ↑ Phyllanthus reticulatus at PlantzAfrica .
  29. ↑ Phyllanthus revaughanii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Posted by: V. Tezoo, 2000. Retrieved on 25-01-2015.
  30. ↑ Phyllanthus sponiaefolius in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Posted by: J. Santiana, C. Cerón & N. Pitman, 2004. Retrieved on 25-01-2015.
  31. ↑ Phyllanthus unifoliatus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Posted by: V. Hequet, 2007. Retrieved on 25-01-2015.
  32. ↑ Phyllanthus watsonii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Posted by: KM Kochummen, 1998. Retrieved on 25-01-2015.
  33. ↑ Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , p. 397.

Web links

Commons : Phyllanthus  - collection of images, videos and audio files