Rue plants

Rue plants
Lemon ( citrus limon )
Systematics
Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Rosids Eurosiden II Order : Sapindales (Sapindales) Family : Rue plants
Scientific name
Rutaceae
Yuss.

The Rutaceae or Rutaceae (Rutaceae) are a diverse plant family within the order of soap tree-like (Sapindales). The family, which was previously also assigned to the order Rutales , comprises 150 to 183 genera with 1200 to 1900 species . This also includes all citrus fruits .

description

Subfamily Toddalioideae: Illustration of Zanthoxylum rhetsea

Vegetative characteristics

Subfamily Flindersioideae: Illustration of Flindersia maculosa

The diamond plants are predominantly trees or bushes , more rarely herbaceous plants . They are evergreen or deciduous. Most of these types of plants contain essential oils . The stalked leaves vary from species to species: alternate or mostly opposite, simple or mostly composed. Only rarely are Stipules present. The oil-containing leaf surfaces are often dotted translucently.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are seldom single, mostly in differently constructed inflorescences . The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic; if they are unisexual, the plants are monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ).

Flowering diagram of Citrus vulgaris

The small to medium-sized flowers are radial symmetry , more rarely somewhat zygomorphic , with double perianth (perianth) and three to fünfzählig. The sepals are either free or fused at the base and in some taxa are greatly reduced. The four or five-fold, rarely three-fold petals are free or fused. The number of stamens can be very different: two, three, five, eight, ten, or 20 to 60. The stamens are usually wide and free or often fused with each other at their base in a ring. An intrastaminal disc is present. Most are (one to) Upper permanent four to five (up to 100) carpels present, which may be free (apokarp) or grown (synkarp).

The Rutaceae are very variable in fruit types: berries , stone fruits , samaras , capsule fruits and follicles occur.

ecology

The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ).

Systematics and distribution

Most genera and species occur in the subtropics and tropics almost worldwide. Only a few species colonize the northern temperate areas . The centers of biodiversity (diversity centers) are in southern Africa and Australia.

Taxonomy

The Rutaceae family was established in 1789 by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , p. 296. Type genus is Ruta L. Synonyms for Rutaceae Juss. are: Amyridaceae Kunth , Aurantiaceae Juss. , Boroniaceae J.Agardh , Cneoraceae Vest nom. cons., Correaceae J.Agardh nom. inval., Cuspariaceae Tratt. nom. illeg., Dictamnaceae Vest , Diosmaceae R.Br. ex Bartl. , Diplolaenaceae J.Agardh , Flindersiaceae CTWhite ex Airy Shaw , Fraxinellaceae Nees & Mart. nom. illeg., Pilocarpaceae J.Agardh , Ptaeroxylaceae J.-F.Leroy , Pteleaceae Kunth , Zanthoxylaceae Martinov .

Internal system

About 25% of the genera are monotypical .

The family Rutaceae is divided into five to six subfamilies and some tribe with a total of 150 to 183 genera with 1200 to 1900 species:

• Subfamily Aurantioideae Eaton (Syn .: Citroideae): According to Swingle & Reece 1967, it contains two tribes with about 40 genera:

• Tribus Citreae: According to Bayer et al. 2009 with three subtribes (Triphasiinae, Balsamocitrinae and Citrinae) about 39 genera:

Subfamily Aurantioideae Tribus Citreae: Bengal Quince ( Aegle marmelos )

Subfamily Aurantioideae Tribus Citreae: bitter orange ( Citrus x aurantium )

Subfamily Aurantioideae tribe Citreae: Fortunella margarita

Subfamily Aurantioideae Tribus Citreae: Indian crab apple ( Limonia acidissima )

Subfamily Aurantioideae Tribus Citreae: Australian finger lime ( Microcitrus australasica )

Subfamily Aurantioideae Tribus Citreae: Orange- rue ( Murraya paniculata )

Subfamily Aurantioideae Tribus Citreae: Trifoliate bitter orange ( Poncirus trifoliatus )

• • Aegle Corrêa : It contains only one species:
    • Bengali quince or Bel ( Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa ): It is native to India and is also cultivated in other countries.
  • Aeglopsis Swingle : One to five species are common in tropical Africa.
  • Afraegle (Swingle) Engl .: The two to four species are common in West Africa.
  • Atalantia Corrêa : The approximately 17 species are distributed in southern Asia and in Southeast Asia. There are seven species in China, two of them only there.
  • Balsamocitrus Stapf : The two to three species are common in tropical East Africa.
  • Burkillanthus Swingle : It contains only one species:
    • Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle : It occurs in Indonesia (Sumatra) and is extinct on the Malay Peninsula.
  • × Citremocitrus ined. (intergeneric hybrids between Eremocitrus × Citrus )
  • × Citrofortunella J.W. Ingram & HEMoore (intergeneric hybrids between Citrus × Fortunella , see Citrus madurensis )
  • × Citromicrocitrus ined. (intergeneric hybrids between Citrus × Microcitrus )
  • × Citroncirus J.W.Ingram & HEMoore (intergeneric hybrids between Citrus × Poncirus )
  • Citropsis (Engl.) Swingle & M.Kellerm. : The four to ten species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Citropsis gabunensis (Engl.) Swingle & M.Kellerm. : From central central Africa and western West Africa.
  • Citrus plants ( Citrus L. ): The approximately 30 species are common in Asia and Australia.
  • Clymenia Swingle (also referred to as Citrus): The two or so species occur only in New Guinea.
  • × Coleara ined. (intergeneric hybrids between Clymenia × (( Citrus × Fortunella ) × Fortunella ))
  • Eremocitrus Swingle (in some authors in Citrus L. ): It contains only one species:
    • Australian desert lime ( Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swingle )
  • Feroniella Swingle : The roughly three species distributed in Southeast Asia and Java.
  • × Fortucitrocirus ined. (intergeneric hybrids between Fortunella × ( Citrus × Poncirus ))
  • Kumquats ( Fortunella Swingle ) (in some authors sub-genus in Citrus L. )
  • Limnocitrus Swingle : It contains only one species:
    • Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) Swingle: It occurs in Indonesia.
  • Limonia L .: It contains only one species:
    • Indian crab apple ( Limonia acidissima L. )
  • Luvunga Buch.-Ham. ex Wight & Arn. : The ten or so species are common in southern Asia and in Southeast Asia.
  • Merope M. Roem. : It contains only one type:
    • Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle : It occurs in tropical Asia.
  • Merrillia Swingle : It contains only one species:
    • Merrillia caloxylon Swingle : It occurs in Southeast Asia.
  • × Microcirus ined. (intergeneric hybrids between Microcitrus × Poncirus )
  • × Microcitronella ined. (intergeneric hybrids between Microcitrus × ( Citrus × Fortunella ))
  • Microcitrus Swingle (with some authors in Citrus L.): With about seven species.
  • × Microfortunella ined. (intergeneric hybrids between Microcitrus × Fortunella )
  • Monanthocitrus Tanaka : The four or so species occur in Borneo and New Guinea.
  • Orange rue ( Murraya J. Koenig ex L. ): The approximately twelve species are widespread in eastern, southern Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, on the southwestern Pacific islands. There are nine species in China, five of them only there.
  • Naringi Adans. : It contains only one type:
    • Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson : It occurs in Southeast Asia.
  • Oxanthera Montrouz. (is also referred to as citrus ): The maximum five species occur on New Caledonia .
  • Pamburus Swingle : It contains only one species:
    • Pamburus missionis (Wall. Ex Wight) Swingle : It occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka .
  • Paramignya Wight : The 15 or so species are widespread in southern Asia, Southeast Asia and northern Australia.
  • Pleiospermium (Engl.) Swingle : The approximately five species occur in India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra , Java and Borneo .
  • Poncirus Raf. (Also referred to as citrus ): There are about two types in China and Japan.
  • Severinia Ten. ex Endl. (with some authors in Atalantia Corrêa)
  • Swinglea Merr. : It contains only one type:
    • Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. : It occurs in the Philippines.
  • Triphasia Lour. : The three or so species occur in East Asia and the Philippines. Including:
    • Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) P. Wilson
  • Wenzelia Merr. : The approximately nine species are distributed from the Philippines to the Solomon Islands and the Fiji Islands .

• Tribus Clauseneae: It contains four genera:

Subfamily Aurantioideae Tribus Clauseneae: Curry tree ( Bergera koenigii )

• • Bergera K.D. Koenig ex L .: The species are distributed in southern and southeastern Asia, including
    • Curry tree ( Bergera koenigii L .; Syn.Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. )
  • Clausena Burm. f. : The 15 to 30 species are widespread in Africa, eastern, southern Asia, Southeast Asia, northeastern and southwestern Pacific islands. There are ten species in China, five of them only there.
  • Glycosmis Corrêa : The approximately 50 species are widespread in eastern, southern Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia.
  • Micromelum flower : The ten or so species are widespread in southern Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and on the southwestern Pacific islands.

• Subfamily Dictyolomatoideae : It contains only one genus:

• Dictyoloma A. Juss. (sometimes also in Spathelioideae): The only two species occur in Peru, Brazil and Bolivia .

• Subfamily Flindersioideae : It contains only two genera with about 17 species:

Subfamily Flindersioideae: Flindersia australis

• Chloroxylon DC. : Two species occur in Madagascar and one species occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka.
• Flindersia R.Br. : The 13 to 16 species occur in Malesia , Australia and New Caledonia.

• Subfamily Rutoideae Arn. : It contains only one tribe with about six genera:

• Tribe Ruteae A.Juss. ex Dumort. : It contains about six genera:

Subfamily Rutoideae Tribus Ruteae: Rue ( Ruta graveolens )

• • Boenninghausenia Rchb. ex Meisn. : It contains only one type:
    • Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Meisn. : It is widespread in Eastern, Southern Asia, Southeast Asia from India to Japan.
  • Cneoridium Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
    • Cneoridium dumosum Hook. f. : It only occurs in California .
  • Haplophyllum A. Juss. : The approximately 65 species are distributed in North Africa, Asia and southern Europe. There are around eight species in Europe.
  • Psilopeganum Hemsl. : It contains only one type:
    • Psilopeganum sinense Hemsl. : It thrives on slopes of hills at altitudes of about 800 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
  • Rauten ( Ruta L. ): The 7 to 14 kinds occur in Macaronesia , in the Mediterranean area and in Southwest Asia .
  • Thamnosma Torrey & Fremont : The eleven or so species occur in southwestern North America and Africa.

• Subfamily Spathelioideae Engl. (Syn .: Cneoroideae Webb ): It contains four to seven genera with about 23 species:

Subfamily Spathelioideae: dwarf olive tree ( Cneorum tricoccon )

• Bottegoa Chiov. : It contains only one type:
  • Bottegoa insignis Chiov. : It occurs in Ethiopia , Somalia and Northern Kenya .
• Cedrelopsis Baill. : The eight or so species occur in Madagascar.
• Cneorum L .: Of the only two species, one occurs in Cuba and one in the western Mediterranean including Europe:
  • Dwarf olive tree ( Cneorum tricoccon L. ): It occurs in southern Europe .
  • Cneorum trimerum (Urb.) Chodat : It occurs only in Cuba, but is also regarded by some authors (Lobreau-Callen & Jérémie, 1986) as an ecotype of Cneorum tricoccon .
  • Cneorum pulverulentum (Vent.) Erdtman (Syn. Neochamaelea pulverulenta (Vent.) Tiegh. , Syn. Chamaelea pulverulenta (Vent.) Tiegh. ): It occurs only endemic to the Canary Islands and iscalled orijama or leñabuena there and is from some authors in their own genus Neochamaelea (Engl.) Erdtman with only this one species.
• Dictyoloma A. Juss. : It contains only one type:
  • Dictyoloma peruvianum Planch. : It occurs in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
• Harrisonia R.Br. ex A.Juss. : The three to four species occur in the tropics of Africa and Asia.
• Ptaeroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh. : It contains only one type:
  • Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. : It occurs only in southern Africa.
• Spathelia L .: The approximately 15 to 20 species occur in Mexico, on the Caribbean islands (for example an endemic to Cuba) and in northern South America to the Brazilian states of Rondonia and Mato Grosso.

• Subfamily Toddalioideae K. Koch : It contains three tribes with about 119 genera:

• Tribe Boronieae Bartl. : It contains about 18 genera, mainly found in Australia:

Subfamily Toddalioideae Tribus Boronieae: Boronia fraseri

Tribe Boronieae: Crowea

Subfamily Toddalioideae tribe Boronieae: Eriostemon australasius

• • Acradenia Kippist : The four or so species occur in eastern Australia.
  • Asterolasia F. Muell. : The 15 or so species are common in temperate Australia.
  • Coral diamonds ( Boronia Sm. , Incl. Boronella Baill. ): The approximately 150 species are common in Australia, with a focus on biodiversity (around 100 species) in the southwestern part. The species previously assigned to Boronella , e.g. B. Boronia pancheri (Baill.) Duretto & Bayly , occur in New Caledonia.
  • Chorilaena Endl. : With probably only one species:
    • Chorilaena quercifolia Endl. : It occurs in southwestern Australia.
  • Correa Andrews : The twelve or so species are common in temperate Australia.
  • Crowea Sm .: The three or so species occur in southern Australia.
  • Diplolaena R.Br. : The approximately 18 species occur in western Australia.
  • Drummondita Harv. : The five or so species are common in Australia.
  • Eriostemon Sm .: There are about two species in eastern Australia.
  • Geleznowia Turcz. : It contains only one type:
    • Geleznowia calycina Benth. : It occurs in southwestern Australia.
  • Leionema (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson : The approximately 21 species occur in eastern Australia and one species in New Zealand.
  • Microcybe Turcz. : The three or so species are common in Australia.
  • Muiriantha C.A.Gardner : it contains only one type:
    • Muiriantha hassellii (F.Muell.) CAGardner : It occurs only in southwestern Australia.
  • Nematolepis Turcz. : The seven or so species are common in Australia.
  • Phebalium Vent. : The approximately 25 species are common in Australia.
  • Philotheca Rudge : The approximately 43 species are common in Australia.
  • Rhadinothamnus Paul G.Wilson : The three or so species occur in western Australia.
  • Zieria Sm .: The approximately 41 species are mainly found in Australia and one species is native to New Caledonia.

• Tribus Cusparieae: It contains about 32 genera:

Subfamily Toddalioideae Tribus Cusparieae: Esenbeckia grandiflora

• • Achuaria Gereau (is also put by some authors to Raputia ): It contains only one species:
    • Achuaria hirsuta Gereau : It occurs in Peru.
  • Adiscanthus Ducke : it contains only one species:
    • Adiscanthus floridus Ducke : It occurs in the Amazon region.
  • Almeidea A.St.-Hil. : The approximately five species occur in Brazil and Bolivia.
  • Angostura Roem. & Schultes (Syn .: Bonplandia Willd. , Cusparia Humb. ): The eight or so species are distributed from Nicaragua to Venezuela, Bolivia and southern Brazil.
  • Andreadoxa Kallunki : it contains only one species:
    • Andreadoxa flava Kallunki : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia .
  • Apocaulon R.S.Cowan : it contains only one type:
    • Apocaulon camosum R.S.Cowan : It comes on the Venezuelan Guyana Shield before.
  • Conchocarpus J.C.Mikan : The approximately 46 to 50 species are found in Nicaragua , south to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil.
  • Decagonocarpus Engl .: The only two species found in Venezuela on the Guyana Shield, northern Brazil and Colombia before.
  • Desmotes Kallunki : It contains only one species:
    • Desmotes incomparabilis (HPRiley) Kallunki : It is endemic to the Panamanian island of Coiba .
  • Ertela Adans. : The only two species are distributed from Mexico to Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
  • Erythrochiton Nees & Mart. : The sevenor sospecies are distributed from Costa Rica across northern South America to Bolivia and Brazil.
  • Esenbeckia Kunth : The approximately 28 species are distributed from Mexico to northeast Argentina .
  • Euxylophora Huber : It contains only one species:
    • Euxylophora paraensis Huber : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Pará . Trade name of the wood Amarello , a striking yellow wood.
  • Galipea Aubl. : The approximately 17 species occur in Cuba and from Guatemala to South America.
  • Leptothyrsa Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
    • Leptothyrsa sprucei Hook. f. : It occurs in Brazil only in the Amazon region.
  • Lubaria Pittier : The only two types occur in Costa Rica and Venezuela.
  • Metrodorea A.St.-Hil. : The approximately five species occur in South America.
  • Naudinia Planch. & Linden : It contains only one species:
    • Naudinia amabilis Planch. & Linden : It only occurs in Colombia.
  • Neoraputia Emmerich : The six or so species occur in Brazil and Peru.
  • Nycticalanthus Ducke : It contains only one species:
    • Nycticalanthus speciosus Ducke : It occurs in Brazil only in the Amazon region.
  • Pilocarpus Vahl : The approximately 17 species are common in the Neotropic, including:
    • Paraguay Jaborandi ( Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. )
  • Raputia Aubl. : The approximately nine species occur in tropical South America.
  • Raputiarana Emmerich : it contains only one type:
    • Raputiarana subsigmoides Ducke, Emmerich : It occurs only in the Amazon region.
  • Rauia Nees & Mart. (Belongs to Cusparia Humb for some authors . ): The approximately four species occur in Brazil and Peru.
  • Raulinoa R.S.Cowan : it contains only one type:
    • Raulinoa echinata R.S.Cowan : It occurs in Brazil.
  • Ravenia Vell. : The approximately 14 species occur in tropical South America.
  • Raveniopsis Gleason : The 19 or so species come from the highlands from Guiana to Brazil.
  • Rutaneblina Steyerm. & Luteyn : It contains only one type:
    • Rutaneblina pusilla Steyerm. & Luteyn : It only occurs in Venezuela.
  • Sigmatanthus Huber ex Emmerich : It contains only one species:
    • Sigmatanthus trifoliatus Huber ex Emmerich : It occurs in Brazil.
  • Spiranthera A.St.-Hil .: The three or four species occur in northern South America.
  • Ticorea Aubl. : The approximately five species occur from Costa Rica to northeastern South America.
  • Toxosiphon Baill. : The four or so species are common in the Neotropics .

• Tribus Diosmeae DC. : It contains about eleven genera, which have the main focus of their distribution in South Africa:

Subfamily Toddalioideae tribe Diosmeae: Acmadenia mundiana

Subfamily Toddalioideae Tribus Diosmeae: Diosma ericoides

• • Acmadenia Bartl. & HLWendl. : The 33 or so species are common in South Africa.
  • Adenandra Willd. : The approximately 18 species occur in the southwestern Capensis.
  • Agathosma Willd. : The approximately 150 species are common in South Africa.
  • Calodendrum Thunb. : It contains only one type:
    • Calodendrum capense (L. f.) Thunb. : It occurs in South and East Africa.
  • Coleonema Bartl. & HLWendl. : The approximately eight species occur in the Capensis.
  • Diosma L .: The approximately 28 species are common in South Africa.
  • Empleurum Aiton : The two species are common in South Africa.
  • Euchaetis Bartl. & HLWendl. : The approximately 23 species occur in the Capensis.
  • Macrostylis Bartl. & HLWendl. : The approximately ten species occur in the Capensis.
  • Phyllosm Bolus ex Schltr. : The only two species occur in the Capensis.
  • Sheilanthera I.Williams : it contains only one type:
    • Sheilanthera pubens I.Williams : It occurs in South Africa.

• The subfamily Toddalioideae, but not classified in a tribe:

Subfamily Toddalioideae: Choisya ternata

Subfamily Toddalioideae: Diptam ( Dictamnus albus )

Subfamily Toddalioideae: Orixa japonica

Subfamily Toddalioideae: clover elm ( Ptelea trifoliata )

Subfamily Toddalioideae: Skimmia japonica

Subfamily Toddalioideae: Tetradium daniellii

Subfamily Toddalioideae: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis

Subfamily Toddalioideae: fruits and seeds of Zanthoxylum piperitum

• • Acronychia J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : The approximately 48 species are distributed in southern Asia, in Southeast Asia, Australia and on the southwest Pacific islands.
  • Amyris P. Brownne : The approximately 40 Neotropical species occur in Texas as well as Florida , Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean Islands, Peru and Brazil.
  • Balfourodendron Corr. Méllo ex Oliv. : The only two species are common in northeastern to southern Brazil, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina.
    • Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engl.) Engl .: From Brazil to Argentina and Paraguay
  • Bosistoa F. Muell. ex Benth. : The roughly four species are native to the rainforests of Eastern Australia .
  • Bouchardatia Baill. : Of the approximately four species, two are found in New Guinea and two in Eastern Australia.
  • Bouzetia Montrouz. : It contains only one type:
    • Bouzetia maritima Montrouz. : It occurs in New Caledonia.
  • Brombya F. Muell. : The two species are only found in Queensland .
  • Casimiroa La Llave : The ten or so species occur in Texas and from Mexico to Costa Rica.
    • Casimiroa edulis La Llave : From Mexico and Central America
  • Orange flowers ( Choisya Kunth ): The six to eight species occur in Arizona and Mexico.
  • Comptonella Baker f. : The eight or so species occur only in New Caledonia.
  • Crossosperma T.G. Hartley : The only two species are only found in New Caledonia.
  • Decatropis Hook. f. : The only two species in occur from Mexico via Guatemala to Honduras .
  • Decazyx Pittier & SFBlake : With only two species occur from Mexico via Guatemala and Honduras to Costa Rica.
  • Dictamnus L .: Only one species or up to five species arewidespreadin Eurasia .
  • Dinosperma T.G.Hartley : The about four species are found in eastern Australia.
  • Dutailliopsis T.G. Hartley : It contains only one species:
    • Dutailliopsis gordonii T.G. Hartley : It occurs in New Caledonia.
  • Dutaillyea Baill. : The two species occur only in New Caledonia.
  • Euodia J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : The approximately seven species occur in New Guinea, Eastern Australia and on the Pacific Islands.
  • Evodiella B.L. Linden (the species are alsoplaced under Melicope ): The roughly two species occur in New Guinea and Australia.
  • Fagaropsis Mildbr. ex Siebenl. : The four or so species occur in Africa and Madagascar.
  • Geijera Schott : The eight or so species occur in Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia.
  • Halfordia F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
    • Halfordia scleroxyla F.Muell. : It occurs in Eastern Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia.
  • Helietta Tul. : The eight or so species are distributed in Texas and USA, Mexico, Cuba, northern South America, Peru, Paraguay , Brazil and northern Argentina.
  • Hortia Vand. : The ten or so species occur in Panama, in northern South America to the Brazilian state of São Paulo (Atlantic rainforest); one species thrives in the Brazilian and Bolivian savannas .
  • Lunasia Blanco : It contains only one species:
    • Lunasia amara Blanco : It occurs from Malesia to Northern Australia.
  • Maclurodendron T.G.Hartley : The about six species are widespread in Southeast Asia.
  • Medicosma Hook. f. : The approximately 25 species occur in New Caledonia, Eastern Australia and New Guinea.
  • Melicope J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : The approximately 233 species are widespread in Eastern, Southern Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands and the Pacific Islands.
  • Myrtopsis Engl .: The nine or so species occur only in New Caledonia.
  • Neobyrnesia J.A. Armstr. : It contains only one type:
    • Neobyrnesia suberosa J.A. Armstr. : It occurs in Northern Australia.
  • Neoschmidia T.G.Hartley : it contains only one or two species found in New Caledonia.
  • Oriciopsis Engl .: With only one species, which some authors also consider Vepris :
    • Oriciopsis glaberrima Engl .: It occurs in West Africa.
  • Orixa Thunb. : It contains only one type:
    • Orixa japonica Thunb. : It iswidespreadin China, southern Korea and Japan.
  • Peltostigma Walp. : The roughly four species found in Central America and on Caribbean islands.
  • Pentaceras Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
    • Pentaceras australis (F.Muell.) Benth. : It occurs in Australia.
  • Perryodendron T.G. Hartley : It contains only one species:
    • Perryodendron parviflorum (CTWhite) TGHartley : It is only found in New Guinea.
  • Cork trees ( Phellodendron Rupr. ): The two to four species are widespread in Eastern Asia and Southeast Asia. There are two species in China, one of them only there
  • Picrella Baill. : The three or so species occur only in New Caledonia.
  • Pitavia Molina : it contains only one species:
    • Pitavia punctata Molina : It occurs only in Chile .
  • Pitaviaster T.G.Hartley : it contains only one type:
    • Pitaviaster haplophyllus (F.Muell.) TGHartley : It occurs in Australia.
  • Platydesma H.Mann : The four or so species only occur in Hawaii .
  • Plethadenia Urb. : There are roughly two species found in Cuba and Hispaniola.
  • Polyaster hook. f. : It contains only one or two species found in Mexico.
  • Clover elm ( Ptelea L. ): The eleven or so species are common in North America.
  • Sarcomelicope Engl .: The six or so species occur in New Caledonia, in Eastern Australia and between Australia and the Fiji Islands.
  • Skimmia ( Skimmia Thunb. ): The five to six species are widespread in eastern, southern Asia and Southeast Asia. There are five species in China, one of them only there.
  • Stauranthus Liebm. : It contains only one or two species found in Mexico
  • Tetractomia Hook. f. : The six or so species occur in Malesia .
  • Stinkeschen ( Tetradium Lour. ): The nine or so species are widespread in Eastern, Southern Asia and Southeast Asia. There are seven species in China, one of them only there.
  • Toddalia Juss. : It contains only one type:
    • Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. : It is in Africa, Madagascar, on islands in the Indian Ocean and in Asia from Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh , Bhutan, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam to China and from Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands widespread to Taiwan.
  • Vepris Comm. ex A.Juss. : The approximately 15 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa as well as on the Mascarene Mountains .
  • Zanthoxylum L .: The 200 to 250 species are pantropically distributed and some species also extend to moderate latitudes in eastern Asia and eastern North America.

• The genera are not assigned to any of the subfamilies:

• Ivodea Capuron : The ten or so species occur in Madagascar.
• Kodalyodendron Borhidi & Acuña : It contains only one species:
  • Kodalyodendron cubense Borhidi & Acuña : It only occurs in Cuba.
• Megastigma hook. f. : It contains only one type:
  • Megastigma skinneri Hook. f. : It only occurs in Guatemala.
• Pseudiosma DC. : It contains only one type:
  • Pseudiosma asiatica (Lour.) Don : It occurs in Indochina .
• Tractocopevodia Raizada & V. Naray : It contains only one species:
  • Tractocopevodia burmahica Raizada & V. Naray : It occurs in Myanmar.

use

Many species can be used as medicinal plants because of the oils they contain , including Citrus aurantium ssp. aurantium (Arantii pericapium - bitter orange ), Pilocarpus spec. (Jaborandi folium - Jaborandi leaves).

When crops are suitable Citrus limon (lemon), other Citrus spec. ( Oranges , grapefruits , mandarins , clementines etc.) and kumquat plants. For example:

• Buchu, bucco or fragrant mute ( Agathosma betulina (PJBergius) pillans )
• West Indian sandalwood ( Amyris balsamifera L. )
• Curry tree ( Bergera koenigii L. )
• White sapote ( Casimiroa edulis La Llave )
• Citrus plants ( Citrus L. ) for example:
  • ( Lemon , lime , orange etc.)
• Horse Wood Tree ( Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. )
• Diptam ( Dictamnus albus L. )
• Brazilian boxwood ( Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. )
• Kumquat Plants ( Fortunella Swingle ) - Kumquat
• Angostura tree ( Galipea officinalis J.Hancock )
• Korkholzbaum ( Melicope elleryana (F.Muell.) TGHartley )
• Pilocarpus , for example:
  • Pernambuco-Jaborandi or Jaborandistrauch ( Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes )
  • Maranhao Jaborandi ( Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf )
  • Paraguay Jaborandi ( Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. )
  • Guadaloupe-Jaborandi ( Pilocarpus racemosus Vahl )
• Trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. )
• Clover elms or leather bushes ( Ptelea L. )
• Rue ( Ruta graveolens L. )
• Chinese box orange ( Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten. )

swell

• The family on the AP website (section systematics)
• Description of the family Rutaceae at DELTA (section description)
• Description in the Western Australian Flora (Description section)
• Dianxiang Zhang , Thomas G. Hartley, David J. Mabberley: Rutaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis April 18, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 , p. 51 - online with the same text as the printed work. (Description and identification key of the Chinese taxa)
• Randall J. Bayer, David J. Mabberley, Cynthia Morton, Cathy H. Miller, Ish K. Sharma, Bernard E. Pfeil, Sarah Rich, Roberta Hitchcock, Steve Sykes: A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 96 , no. 3 , 2009, ISSN  0002-9122 , p. 668-685 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800341 , PMID 21628223 .
• Cynthia M. Morton: Phylogenetic relationships of the Aurantioideae (Rutaceae) based on the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS region and three noncoding chloroplast DNA regions, atpBrbcL spacer, rps16, and trnL-trnF. In: Organisms Diversity & Evolution. Volume 9, 2009, pp. 52-68.
• M. Groppo, JR Pirani, MLF Salatino, SR Blanco, JA Kallunki: Phylogeny of Rutaceae based on twononcoding regions from cpDNA . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 95 , no. 8 , 2008, ISSN  0002-9122 , p. 985-1005 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.2007313 .
• Gabriele Salvo, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Farrokh Ghahremaninejad, Elena Conti: Phylogenetic relationships of Ruteae (Rutaceae): New evidence from the chloroplast genome and comparisons with non-molecular data . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 49 , no. 3 , 2008, ISSN  1055-7903 , p. 736–748 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.09.004 ( systbot.uzh.ch [PDF]).
• Bernard E. Pfeil, Michael D. Crisp: The age and biogeography of Citrus and the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) in Australia and New Caledonia . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 95 , no. 12 , 2008, p. 1612-1631 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800214 .
• Wing-Sem Poon, Pang-Chui Shaw, Mark P. Simmons, Paul Pui-Hay But: Congruence of Molecular, Morphological, and Biochemical Profiles in Rutaceae: A Cladistic Analysis of the Subfamilies Rutoideae and Toddalioideae . In: Systematic Botany . tape 32 , no. 4 , 2007, p. 837-846 , JSTOR : 25064296 ( bioone.org ).
• Mark W. Mark, Cynthia M. Morton, Jacquelyn A. Kallunki: Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 86 , no. 8 , 1999, ISSN  0002-9122 , pp. 1191-1199 , doi : 10.2307 / 2656983 , PMID 10449399 .
• Neotropical Rutaceae at kew.org
• Thomas Schwartz: A phylogeny of the Rutaceae and a biogeographic study of its subfamily Aurantioideae. Department of Plant and Environmental Science at University of Gothenburg, 2010: dpes.gu.se (PDF).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Thomas Gaskell Tutin, Vernon Hilton Heywood (ed.): Flora Europaea. 5 volumes. Cambridge University Press, Oxford 1964-1983, Vol. 2 (1968), pp. 227.
2. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
3. ↑ Rutaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Rutaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
5. ^ WT Swingle, PC Reece: The botany of citrus and its wild relatives of the orange subfamily. In: W. Reuther, HJ Webber, LD Batchelor: The citrus industry. revised 2nd edition, Volume 1: History, world distribution, botany, and varieties. University of California, Berkeley, 1967, pp. 190-430.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Dianxiang Zhang , Thomas G. Hartley, David J. Mabberley: Rutaceae , p. 51 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, April 18, 2008, ISBN 978-1- 930723-73-3 .
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd} David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 , p. 390. Limited preview in Google book search
8. ^ ^{A b} P. Caris, E. Smets, K. De Coster, LP Ronse De Craene: Floral ontogeny of Cneorum tricoccon L. (Rutaceae) . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . tape 257 , no. 3–4 , ISSN  0378-2697 , doi : 10.1007 / s00606-005-0373-x .
9. ↑ Étienne Pierre Ventenat: National Center for Biotechnology Information, Taxonomy Browser: Cneorum pulvurentum. In: NCBI: txid43706. NCBI, accessed October 10, 2018 . 
10. ↑ Thomas Schartz: A phylogeny of the Rutaceae and a biogeographic study of its subfamily Aurantioideae. (PDF) In: Göteborgs Universitet, Institutions för biologi och miljövetenskap (University of Gothenburg Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences). University of Gothenburg, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, accessed October 10, 2018 . 
11. ↑ Marcelino J. del Arco Aguilar, Octavio Rodríguez Delgado: Vegetation of the Canary Islands . In: Plant and Vegetation . 2018, ISSN  1875-1318 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-319-77255-4 .
12. ^ The International Plant Names Index
13. ↑ Neotropical Rutaceae at kew.org.

Web links

Commons : Rautengewächse (Rutaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Description in the Flora of Pakistan . (English)
• Entries about Rutaceae in Plants For A Future
• Rutaceae, some fruits and species.