Oranges
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Orange-rue ( Murraya paniculata ): leaves and fruits |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Murraya | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The orange ruts ( Murraya ) are a genus of plants in the diamond family (Rutaceae).
description
Appearance and leaf
Murraya species grow as evergreen or rarely deciduous ( Murraya alternans ) shrubs or trees . They contain essential oils. They are not reinforced and there is no shaggy hair ( indument ) on the end and side buds or on young inflorescences.
The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leathery or membranous, aromatic leaf blades are usually pinnate unpaired, sometimes they are pinnate in pairs or reduced to a pinnate leaf and dotted with glands. The lateral pinnate leaves are usually alternate on the leaf hachis, rarely almost opposite. The leaflets are ovate, oblong, obovate, circular or triangular. There is pinnate and net vein or there is only one leaf vein . The leaf margins can be smooth, notched or sawn, depending on the species. If stipules are present then they are transformed into glands.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowers are solitary or few to many in terminal and / or pendant, rispigen or zymösenn or little flowers racemose inflorescences . The flower buds are ellipsoidal, broad to narrow, obovate or almost cylindrical. The stalked flowers stand above small to large bracts .
The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are radial-symmetrical to weakly zygomorphic and four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The four or five hairy sepals are fused together cup-shaped at their base or more or less half their length. The four or five free petals overlap in the flower bud like a roof tile. There are seldom five, usually eight or ten stamens , those of the two circles are of different lengths. The free, hairy or bare stamens are more or less linear and more or less straight. The dust bags open with a longitudinal slit. The disc is ring, cushion, or columnar. The two to five carpels are fused to form a two to five- chamber ovary. The fruit walls are straight. Each ovary chamber contains only one or two ovules . The three to seven styles are as long as the ovary, can be partially fused and end in capped or lobed scars.
The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ).
Fruit and seeds
The berry contains slimy pulp , but no juice sacs. The endocarp is fleshy. Sometimes the basal part of the style is still present on the fruit.
The seeds have no endosperm . The membranous or fleshy seed coat is hairy or glabrous. The straight embryo has two elliptical, plano-convex germ layers ( cotyledons ) that are neither rolled up nor folded. The hypocotyl is partially enclosed by the cotyledons. The berries contain only one to a few seeds.
Systematics
The genus Murraya was set up in 1771 by Carl von Linné in Mantissa Plantarum , 2, pp. 554-555. Synonyms for Murraya L. are: Murraea J.G. Koenig ex L. , Chalcas L.
The genus Murraya belongs to the subtribe Merrilliinae from the tribe Aurantieae in the subfamily Aurantioideae within the family Rutaceae .
The scope of the genus Murraya has been changed several times. The genus Murraya contains four to twelve species, depending on the author:
- Murraya alata Drake : It occurs in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
- Murraya alternans (Wall. Ex Kurz) Swingle (Syn .: Limonia alternans Wall. Ex Kurz ): It occurs in Myanmar.
- Murraya crenulata (Turcz.) Oliv. (Syn .: Chalcas crenulata (Turcz.) Tanaka , Glycosmis crenulata Turcz. ): It occurs in Taiwan, Celebes, Java, Luzon, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and Queensland.
- Murraya euchrestifolia Hayata (Syn .: Chalcas euchrestifolia Tanaka , Clausena euchrestifolia (Hayata) Kanehira ): It occurs in China and Taiwan.
- Murraya ovatifoliolata (Engl.) Domin (Syn .: Murraya paniculata var. Ovatifoliolata Engl. ): It occurs in Indonesia and Australia.
- Orange rue ( Murraya paniculata ) (L.) Jack (Syn .: Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp. , Chalcas paniculata L. , Murraya exotica L. )
Murraya sect. Bergera (J.Koenig ex L.) But & YCKong today has the rank of a genus Bergera J.Koenig (four to nine species):
- Murraya caloxylon Ridl. is Merrillia caloxylon (Ridl.) Swingle
- The curry tree Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. is partly regarded as Bergera koenigii L. again .
swell
- Dianxiang Zhang , Thomas G. Hartley: Murraya , p. 85 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 (description and key to identification of the Chinese taxa).
- Randall J. Bayer, David J. Mabberley, Cynthia Morton, Cathy H. Miller, Ish K. Sharma, Bernard E. Pfeil, Sarah Rich, Roberta Hitchcock, Steve Sykes: A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences. In: American Journal of Botaty. Volume 96, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 668-685. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800341 full text online .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Entry in the Flora of Pakistan .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n HR Coleman, 2008: Entry in the Western Australian Flora .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Dianxiang Zhang , Thomas G. Hartley: Murraya , p. 85 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 .
- ^ Murraya at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed May 26, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Murraya in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b Randall J. Bayer, David J. Mabberley, Cynthia Morton, Cathy H. Miller, Ish K. Sharma, Bernard E. Pfeil, Sarah Rich, Roberta Hitchcock, Steve Sykes: A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences. In: American Journal of Botaty. Volume 96, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 668-685. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800341 full text online .
- ↑ Bergera koenigii in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
Web links
Supplementary literature
- Sasitorn Siriseree: Taxonomic Clarification of the Genus Clausena Burm.f., Micromelum Blume and Murraya Koen.ex L. (Aurantioideae, Rutaceae) in Thailand. Doctoral thesis 2010 at Kasetsart University, full text PDF .