Little Braunelle

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Little Braunelle
Little brown elk (Prunella vulgaris)

Little brown elk ( Prunella vulgaris )

Systematics
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Tribe : Mentheae
Sub tribus : Nepetinae
Genre : Brown cells ( Prunella )
Type : Little Braunelle
Scientific name
Prunella vulgaris
L.

The Prunella vulgaris , also Common Braunelle or Ordinary Braunelle ( Prunella vulgaris ; earlier Brunella vulgaris ) is a plant of the genus Accentors ( Prunella ) in the family of Labiatae (Lamiaceae). It is widespread from Mediterranean to Boreal Europe and as far as East Asia .

description

illustration
Zygomorphic flower in detail
Klausen

Appearance and leaf

The Kleine Braunelle is an evergreen, usually herbaceous plant . It forms rooting above-ground runners with which it can also reproduce vegetatively. The 5 to 30 centimeter long stem is ascending and sparsely hairy. The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is elliptical or ovate, with a whole or notched edge.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowering period extends from June to October. The densely packed inflorescence is 1 to 4 centimeters long and is usually located directly above the top pair of leaves. The flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx upper lip ends in three very short teeth, the middle of which is much wider than the lateral ones, the calyx lower lip in two lanceolate, pointed teeth. The approximately 7 to 15 millimeter long petals are blue-violet, rarely whitish in color.

Plant specimens only rarely occur with female flowers, in which the crown is significantly smaller and hardly protrudes over the calyx.

The Klausen fruit breaks down into four Klausen.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

Differentiation to similar species

The small brown ella differs from the similar large-flowered brown ella in the following characteristics: The top pair of leaves is located directly at the base of the inflorescence. The approximately 7 to 15 millimeters long crown is at most twice as long as the calyx.

Fruit cluster

ecology

The small Braunelle is a hemicryptophyte .

The Pollination is mainly by bees and other Hymenoptera .

The sticky Klausen fruits are enclosed in the fruit cup, which opens hygrochas within a minute in damp weather and then sticks out horizontally. If raindrops fall on this elongated cup lip, the Klausen are thrown out. The Klausen are thus spread out as a rain ballist; however, it can also spread as sticky and accidental spread through ungulates . The fruit ripens from August. The long-lived seeds are light germs .

Duration
Small brown ella ( Prunella vulgaris ) in Hawaii

Occurrence

The small brownelle is widespread from Mediterranean to boreal Europe and western Asia . It is a neophyte in the temperate areas of the northern and southern hemispheres .

The Kleine Braunelle thrives on semi- arid grass , on creeping and stepping lawns , on damp meadows or pastures or on the edges of forest paths. It is a character species of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class, but also occurs in societies of the associations Agropyro-Rumicion or Polygonion avicularis. It is a widespread, frequent plant in Central Europe and occurs from the lowlands to the high mountains up to about 2000 m altitude. In the Allgäu Alps , it rises in the Tyrolean part of the Saalfelder Weg between Steinkarspitze and Kälbelesspitze up to an altitude of 1900 meters.

Systematics

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Prunella vulgaris subsp. asiatica (Nakai) H.Hara : It occurs from China to the Aleutians .
  • Prunella vulgaris subsp. estremadurensis Franco : It occurs in Portugal.
  • Prunella vulgaris subsp. hispida (Benth.) Hultén : It occurs from southern India to China.
  • Prunella vulgaris subsp. lanceolata (WPCBarton) Piper & Beattie : It occurs from China to North and Central America.
  • Prunella vulgaris subsp. vulgaris : It occurs from Macaronesia and North Africa to the temperate zones of Eurasia.
Illustration from storm

Pharmacology and ethnobotany

The little Braunelle (in Latin also called consolida minor in the past ) was used in the Middle Ages to treat diphtheria (tan disease), which causes discoloration in the throat. Young, non-flowering parts of the plant can also be used as a salad or as a spice.

The little brownelle contains tannins ( tannins ), flavonoids , terpenes ( 1,8-cineol , camphor ), triterpenes ( ursolic acid ), saponins and other active ingredients. It is used in Asia as a traditional medicinal plant for various ailments. It is now less well known in Europe. Any astringent applications can be explained by the tannins it contains, and the well-known terpenes naturally have the same effect as in other essential oils .

The rosmarinic acid contained in the Kleine Braunelle is used in the cosmetics industry for preparations to protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation.

Preparations made from the fruit ear are immunosuppressive in mice. In a laboratory study from 1986 , a certain activity against the HI virus could be proven to an ingredient of the small brown elk, the polysaccharide prunellin . Another laboratory study demonstrated its effectiveness against herpes simplex strains that were resistant to acyclovir .

Common names

For the Kleine Braunelle there are or existed, in some cases only regionally, the other German-language trivial names : St. Antonikraut ( Austria , East Prussia ), Braunellen, Brunellen, Brünikraut ( Bernese Oberland ), Bruni (Bernese Oberland), Brunwort ( Middle High German ) , Brunwurtz (Middle High German), White Bugeln ( Bern ), Gaheyl ( Low German ), Ghaheyle (Low German), Gauchheil ( Silesia ), Gottheil (Silesia, Mark, East Prussia), Gotthihl ( Transylvania ), Blauer Guckguck (Silesia), Gunzel, neck herb , Immergsund, Mundfäulkraut (Austria), Mundfäulzapfen (Austria), Oogenprökel ( East Friesland ), Prawenwurz (Middle High German), Prickelnösn (East Friesland), Radeheyle (Low German), Selbstheil (see synonymous Middle High German sëlpheile ) and Veiteln ( Tyrol ).

swell

  1. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  2. ^ A b Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 4: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (4) (Labiatae - Solanaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1964, ISBN 3-489-78021-3 , pp. 2380–2382 (unchanged reprint from 1927 with addendum).
  3. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  4. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 799 .
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 407.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Prunella vulgaris. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  7. ↑ Werner Gerabek : Consolida maior, Consolida minor and a herb woman. Medical historical observations on the Reinhardsbrunn collection of letters. In: Sudhoffs Archiv 67, 1983, pp. 80-93; here: p. 91 f.
  8. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
  9. ↑ T. Kimura et al. (Ed.): International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine: Northeast Asia. World Scientific 1996, ISBN 981-022589-X , p. 147.
  10. ↑ Entry with Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases ( Memento of the original dated November 19, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sun.ars-grin.gov
  11. ↑ JK Crellin: Reference Guide to Medicinal Plants. Duke University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8223-1019-8 , p. 386.
  12. ↑ Jitka Psotova, Alena Svobodova, Hana Kolarova, Daniela Walterova: Photoprotective properties of Prunella vulgaris and rosmarinic acid on human keratinocytes. In: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. Volume 84, No. 3, 2006, pp. 167-174, doi : 10.1016 / j.jphotobiol.2006.02.012 , PMID 16631374 .
  13. ↑ Hong-Xiang Sun, Feng Qin, Yuan-Jiang Pan: In vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive activity of Spica Prunellae ethanol extract on the immune responses in mice. In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . Volume 101, No. 1-3, 2005, pp. 31-36, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2005.03.023 , PMID 15919165 .
  14. ↑ Hani D. Tabba, R. Shihman Chang, Kevin M. Smith: Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of prunellin, an anti-HIV component from aqueous extracts of Prunella vulgaris. In: Antiviral Research . Volume 11, No. 5-6, 1989, pp. 263-273, doi : 10.1016 / 0166-3542 (89) 90036-3 , PMID 2802570 .
  15. ↑ Lawrence Chi-Ming Chiu, Wen Zhu, Vincent Eng-Choon Ooi: A polysaccharide fraction from medicinal herb Prunella vulgaris downregulates the expression of herpes simplex virus antigen in Vero cells. In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Volume 93, No. 1, 2004, pp. 63-68, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2004.03.024 , PMID 15182906 .
  16. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 69 (on “Selbstheil” also p. 148), online.

Web links

Commons : Kleine Braunelle ( Prunella vulgaris )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files