Cyclamen
| Cyclamen | ||||||||||||
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Cyclamen graecum in Greece |
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| Cyclamen | ||||||||||||
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The cyclamen or cyclamen ( cyclamen ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the myrsine family (Myrsinoideae) within the primrose family (Primulaceae). This genus includes about 22 species , most of which are native to the Mediterranean region.
Only one species, the European cyclamen ( Cyclamen purpurascens ), is widespread in the Alps , after which the genus is named in German. The well-known potted plant is the indoor cyclamen ( Cyclamen persicum ), which is native to Asia Minor. From there it was introduced to Europe in the 17th century.
description
Cyclamen species are perennial herbaceous plants that develop the disc-shaped and eponymous (from Greek kyklos : circle, disc) tubers as persistent organs. The stalked leaves are simple and often have light markings on the leaf surface.
Cyclamen have single flowers standing on stalks , which hang down, but whose petals are strongly bent upwards ("turned back") and are somewhat twisted. In the bud position, the petals are unidirectionally turned to the left (monostrophic sinistrors-contort). Their color ranges from white to pink to purple.
The capsule fruits are sunk into the ground as they ripen by growing and curving the stem. The capsules often only open when they are in the ground.
Leaves and tuber are u. a. toxic because of their cyclamine , a saponin , content .
photos
Leaves of Cyclamen coum - spotted upper side and reddish underside
Cyclamen pseudibericum - beginning of flowering
Cyclamen purpurascens - curving the stem at the end of the flower
Cyclamen hederifolium - Ripe capsules and seeds
Root forms in the genus Cyclamen.
Distribution map of the cyclamen species: 1. Cyclamen balearicum , 2. Cyclamen repandum , 3. Cyclamen purpurascens , 4. Cyclamen hederifolium , 5. Cyclamen peloponnesiacum , 6. Cyclamen creticum , 7. Cyclamen graecum , 8. Cyclamen coum , 9. Cyclamen colchicum , 10. Cyclamen parviflorum , Cyclamen abchasicum , 11. Cyclamen elegans , 12. Cyclamen alpinum , Cyclamen intaminatum , Cyclamen cilicium , Cyclamen mirabile , Cyclamen pseudibericum , 13. Cyclamen cyprium , 14. Cyclamen libanoticum , 15. Cyclamen persicum , 16. Cyclamen rohlfsianum , 17. Cyclamen africanum . Another species, Cyclamen somalense , is found in northern Somalia .
Systematics and distribution
Subgenus Corticata : Cyclamen cyprium
Subgenus Cyclamen : European cyclamen ( Cyclamen purpurascens ), illustration
Subgenus Gyrophoebe : Early spring cyclamen ( Cyclamen coum )
Subgenus Psilanthum : Curly- leaved cyclamen ( Cyclamen repandum )
The cyclamen species have areas around the Mediterranean: from Europe and North Africa to Asia Minor. In the genus cyclamen , about 22 species are known. The subgenera with species, subspecies, synonyms and homeland of the species are listed here. The flowering time is differentiated into winter-spring (WF) and summer-autumn (SH).
| Surname | distribution | Heyday | image |
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| Subgenus Corticata ( O.Schwarz ) Gray-Wilson | |||
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Cyclamen cyprium Kotschy |
Cyprus | SH |
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Cyclamen libanoticum Hildebr. |
Lebanon | WF |
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| Subgenus cyclamen | mostly leaves with tips, tuber with roots on top and sides | ||
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Cyclamen africanum Boiss. & Reut. |
Algeria and Tunisia | SH |
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Cyclamen colchicum ( Albov ) Albov |
Georgia (Caucasus) | SH |
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Cyclamen confusum ( Gray-Wilson ) Culham , Jope & P.Moore |
West Crete | SH |
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Cyclamen graecum Link |
Turkey , Greece and Cyprus | SH |
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Cyclamen graecum Link subsp. graecum |
on the Greek mainland, the Cyclades, in northwest Crete and the East Aegean Islands from Lesbos southwards to Ikaria | ||
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Cyclamen graecum subsp. anatolicum Ietsw. |
in Rhodes , in southern Anatolia and in northern Cyprus | ||
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Cyclamen graecum subsp. candicum Ietsw . |
only in Crete | ||
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Ivy-leaved cyclamen ( Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton ) |
Turkey, France , Albania , Bulgaria , Greece, Italy , Macedonia , Montenegro , Switzerland and Serbia | SH |
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Room cyclamen ( Cyclamen persicum Mill. ) |
Anatolia, Cyprus, Israel , Jordan , Lebanon, western Syria , Greece (East Aegean Islands), northeast Algeria, and northern Tunisia. Many varieties were bred from it. They are popular houseplants for cool rooms. | WF |
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European cyclamen ( Cyclamen purpurascens Mill. ) |
in south-eastern France, northern Italy, Slovenia , Austria , the Czech Republic , Germany , Hungary , Poland , Slovakia and Switzerland | SH |
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Cyclamen rohlfsianum Ash. |
in northeast Libya | SH |
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Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa |
in northern Somalia | ||
| Subgenus Gyrophoebe O.Schwarz | |||
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Cyclamen alpinum hort. Dammann ex Sprenger (Syn .: Cyclamen trochopteranthum O.Schwarz ) |
in southwestern Anatolia | WF |
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Cyclamen cilicicum Boiss. & Hero. |
in southwestern Turkey; the species is also cultivated | SH |
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Early spring cyclamen ( Cyclamen coum Mill. ) |
in Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia, Russia , Ukraine, eastern Bulgaria, northern Iran, northern Israel, northern Lebanon, western Syria, Turkey | WF |
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| Cyclamen coum subsp. coum | |||
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Cyclamen coum subsp. caucasicum ( K. Koch ) O.Schwarz (Syn .: Cyclamen abchasicum ( Medw. ex Kusn. ) Kolak ) |
in north-eastern Turkey and in Transcaucasia | WF |
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Cyclamen × atkinsii T. Moore ex Lem. |
It could be Cyclamen coum 'Atkinsii'. Is only known from culture. | ||
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Cyclamen elegans Boiss. & Buhse |
Iran and Azerbaijan | WF |
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Cyclamen intaminatum ( Meikle ) Gray-Wilson |
western Turkey | SH |
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Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. |
southwestern Turkey | SH |
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Cyclamen parviflorum Pobed. |
northeastern Turkey | WF |
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| Cyclamen parviflorum subsp. parviflorum | WF |
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| Cyclamen parviflorum subsp. subalpinum ( Gray-Wilson ) Gray-Wilson | |||
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Cyclamen pseudibericum Hildebr. |
Turkey | WF |
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| Subgenus Psilanthum ( O.Schwarz ) O.Schwarz | long, narrow petals; Leaf margin with serrations; Tuber with roots from the center of the bottom | ||
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Cyclamen balearicum Willk. |
Southern France and the Balearic Islands | WF |
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Cyclamen creticum ( Dörfl. ) Hildebr. |
in Crete and Karpathos . | WF |
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Curly- leaved cyclamen ( Cyclamen repandum Sm. ) |
in France, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica , Sardinia , former Yugoslavia , Albania and Corfu . The endemic variety var. Baborense Debussche & Quézel occurs in north-eastern Algeria . | WF |
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Cyclamen rhodium R.Gorer ex O.Schwarz & Lepper |
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| Cyclamen rhodium subsp. rhodium | Rhodes and Kos | WF |
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Cyclamen rhodium subsp. peloponnesiacum ( Gray-Wilson ) J. Compton & Culham (Syn .: Cyclamen peloponnesiacum ( Gray-Wilson ) Kit Tan ) |
in the Peloponnese , Andros and Tinos | ||
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Cyclamen rhodium subsp. vividum ( Gray-Wilson ) J. Compton & Culham |
in the eastern Peloponnese | ||
Ornamental plants
Some species such as the spring-blooming early spring cyclamen ( Cyclamen coum ) and the autumn-blooming ivy-leaved cyclamen ( Cyclamen hederifolium ) are hardy in Central Europe and are planted in shady places in gardens. The cultivars of the Cyclamen persicum hybrids are best known to us . They do not tolerate frosts and are cared for as indoor plants in cool rooms.
Philatelic
Because of their popularity, images of cyclamen are often used as stamp motifs. The 1938 postage stamp from the series “ Winterhilfswerk , Landscapes from the East with Flowers” had a face value of 8 (+4). The stamp with the subtitle Wachau shows three blossoms of the European cyclamen in the foreground in red and white print and behind them the Aggstein castle ruins with the Danube . The postage stamp issued by Deutsche Post on June 28, 1966 with a value of 50 pfennigs and the title IGA 66 shows a plant Cyclamen persicum . The circulation was 1.4 million pieces. In 1975, a welfare stamp from the Deutsche Bundespost Berlin appeared with a picture of leaves and flowers of the European cyclamen with a value of 50 (+25). The stamp had a circulation of 7.5 million copies. On March 1st, 2018, Deutsche Post AG issued a postage stamp with a face value of 100 euro cents in the “Flowers” series . It shows a single pink bloom of a cyclamen with pronounced auricles in full format . It is therefore very likely to be Cyclamen hederifolium , as this species grows in our gardens and forms auricles. The cultivar Cyclamen persicum, known as a houseplant, or the Cyclamen purpurascens native to Central Europe, do not have auricles.
_1966,_MiNr_1192.jpg)
_1975,_MiNr_512.jpg)
swell
- Chris Yesson, Alastair Culham: A phyloclimatic study of Cyclamen. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. Volume 6, No. 72, 2006, pp. 1-23, PMC 1599755 (free full text).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 134.
- ^ Cyclamen in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. (English).
- ↑ a b c d e Christopher Gray-Wilson: Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists and botanists. 2nd Edition. BT Batsford, London 2002, ISBN 0-7134-8760-7 .
- ^ Brian Mathew: Genus Cyclamen in Science, Cultivation, Art and Culture. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2013, ISBN 978-1-84246-472-4 .
- ↑ Ralf Jahn, Peter Schönfelder: Excursion flora for Crete . With contributions by Alfred Mayer and Martin Scheuerer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1995, ISBN 3-8001-3478-0 .
- ↑ James A. Compton, Alastair Culham: New combinations in Cyclamen subgenus Psilanthum. In: Cyclamen, Journal of the Cyclamen Society. Volume 27, No. 2, 2003, pp. 70-72.
- ↑ Bernd Hertle, Peter Kiermeier, Marion Nickig: Garden flowers. The large GU PraxisHandbuch. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-8338-0704-6 , 248 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ^ Postage stamp: IGA 66, cyclamen (GDR). In: Description of the stamp. On Suche-Briefmarken.de, accessed on November 24, 2019.
- ↑ Deutsche Post. In: Customers. Klein and Neumann communication design. On Kundn.de, accessed on November 24, 2019.
- ↑ Cyclamen, postage stamp for € 1.00, sheets of 10. In: Shop. On Shop.DeutschePost.de, accessed on November 24, 2019.
Web links
- Cyclamen Society . (English)