Myrsine family

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Myrsine family
Room cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum hybrid)

Cyclamen ( Cyclamen - persicum hybrids)

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily : Myrsine family
Scientific name
Myrsinoideae
Burnett

The myrsine family (Myrsinoideae) are a subfamily of the family of the primrose family (Primulaceae) in the order of the heather-like (Ericales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). Mainly there is a pan- tropical distribution, in addition, many taxa reach into the subtropical temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere or in the southern hemisphere to New Zealand . Some species are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens or rooms.

description

Illustration of Anagallis species; Anagallis arvensis (1); Anagallis minima (2)

Vegetative characteristics

There are shrubs , trees , some vines or half-shrubs , but mainly annual to perennial herbaceous plants . Often there are schizogenic secretion containers that contain yellow or reddish-brown resins .

The alternate and spirally arranged leaves are often stalked and always simple. The leaves often have yellow to brownish spots or stripes made up of glands or, less often, glandular hairs. There is pinnate veins. The leaf margins are usually smooth. Stipules are missing.

Fruits of Ardisia elliptica

Generative characteristics

There are lateral or terminal, racemose , paniculate or zymose inflorescences . There are usually no support or cover sheets. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic. The flowers are seldom single-sexed in this subfamily and there are dioecious, separate-sexed ( dioecious ) species ( Myrsine ). The mostly four- or five-fold flowers are radial symmetry to zygomorphic , mostly with double perianth . The mostly four or five (three to six) sepals are often fused at their base and often still present on the fruits. The petals are always fused. There is only one stamen circle with usually four or five (three to six) stamens that are free or fused with one another; they are mostly fused with the corolla tube. Most four or five (three to six) carpels have become a top permanent, einfächerigen ovary grown. The mostly few (1 to 45) anatropic, bitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules sit sunk in the central placenta . The stylus ends in a papillary scar.

Most taxa are pollinated by insects, especially bees and flies, who are rewarded with nectar or pollen. Some Lysimachia species have oil-secreting hairs and are pollinated by oil-collecting bees. In addition to entomophilia , self-fertilization occurs.

Solitary berries , stone fruits or multi-seeded capsule fruits are formed, the latter especially in the herbaceous representatives. The brown, reddish-brown, black or white, mostly angular seeds have a lot of oily, starch-free endosperm . The seeds of the capsule-fruited taxa are dispersed by gravity, water, wind or insects such as ants that run on the ground.

Chromosome sets are n = 10–13, 15, 17, 23.

Ardisia elliptica
Earth pine ( Coris monspeliensis )
Elingamita johnsonii
Hymenandra wallichii
Lysimachia congestiflora ; this species is used as an annual balcony plant
Myrsine lessertiana
Pleiomeris canariensis

Systematics

Synonyms for Myrsinoideae Burnett are: Aegicerataceae Blume , Anagallidaceae Batsch ex Borkh. , Ardisiaceae Juss. , Coridaceae J.Agardh , Embeliaceae J.Agardh , Lysimachiaceae Juss. and Myrsinaceae R.Br. Some species that used to Primelgewächsen (Primulaceae) or Theophrastaceae were asked include today (see Källersjö et al., 2000) on the Myrsinoideae, which for a while had the rank of an independent family. The following genera: pimpernel ( Anagallis ), Ardisiandra , Asterolinon , Coris , cyclamen ( Cyclamen ), milkweed ( Glaux ), loosestrife ( Lysimachia ), Pelletiera and Trientalis .

The subfamily Myrsinoideae includes about 41 to 46 genera with about 1435 species:

  • Aegiceras Gaertn. : It contains only one type:
  • Amblyanthopsis Mez : The only two species occur in the Himalayas .
  • Amblyanthus A.DC. : The only three species occur in the eastern Himalayas and New Guinea .
  • Gauchheile ( Anagallis L. , Syn .: Centunculus L. ): The approximately 20 species are distributed in the temperate areas of Europe, Africa and South America.
  • Antistrophe A.DC. : The four to five species are common in Indomalesia .
  • Ardisia Sw. (Syn .: Amatlania Lundell , Auriculardisia Lundell , Bladhia Thunb. , Graphardisia (Mez) Lundell , Icacorea Aubl. , Oerstedianthus Lundell , Parardisia M.P.Nayar & GSGiri , Pimelandra A.DC. , Synardisia (Mez) Lundell , Valerioanthus Lundell ): Even Called pointed flower; with about 450 woody species; including:
    • Ardisia crenata Sims , a houseplant for cool spaces that is cultivated for its beautiful red berries.
  • Ardisiandra Hook. f. : The only three species occur only in the mountains of East Africa .
  • Asterolinon Hoffmanns. & Link : Of the only two species, one occurs in the Mediterranean and one in Africa.
  • Badula Juss. ; with about 17 species; they occur in Madagascar and the Mascarene Mountains
  • Conandrium (K.Schum.) Mez ; with two kinds; they occur in eastern Malesia
  • Porcupines ( Coris L. ): Only one or two species occur in the western Mediterranean region and in Somalia. They have blue flowers that are fringed similar to Soldanella , including:
  • Ctenardisia Ducke : The five kinds are common in the Neotropic.
  • Cybianthus Mart. : The approximately 167 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Cyclamen ( Cyclamen L. ): The 20 to 30 kinds are widely used in the Mediterranean.
  • Discocalyx (A.DC.) Mez : The approximately 60 species occur from Malesia to Polynesia.
  • Elingamita G.TS Baylis : It contains only one species:
  • Embelia Burm. f. : The 100 to 130 species are widespread in the Paleotropic.
  • Emblemantha B.C. Stone : It contains only one species:
  • Fittingia Mez (including Abromeitia Mez ); with about six species in New Guinea
  • Geissanthus Hook. f. : The approximately 55 species are common in tropical South America.
  • Gentlea Lundell (also referred to as Ardisia ): The approximately nine species occur from Mexico to northern and northwestern South America.
  • Glaux L .: It contains only one species:
    • Beach milkweed ( Glaux maritima L. ): It is widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. It differs from the related taxa especially in the absence of petals. (today see Anderberg et al .; Hao G. et al. 2004 in Lysimachia )
  • Grenacheria Mez : The roughly six species common in Malesia .
  • Heberdenia Banks ex A.DC. : It has a disjoint area and contains only two types:
    • Heberdenia excelsa (Aiton) DC. ( Ardisia bahamensis (Gaertn.) DC. , Heberdenia bahamensis (Gaertn.) Sprague ) It occurs in Macaronesia and is part of the laurel forest in Madeira
    • Heberdenia penduliflora (A.DC.) Mez : It is only found in Mexico.
  • Hymenandra (A.DC.) Spach : Of the approximately 17 species, eight occur in Indomalesia and nine in the Neotropic.
  • Labisia Lindl. : The seven or so species are common in Southeast Asia and Malesia.
  • Loheria Merr. : Of the approximately six species, four species occur in the Philippines and two species in New Guinea.
  • Yellow loosestrife or loosestrife ( Lysimachia L. ): The 150 to 191 species are common in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere.
  • Monoporus A.DC. : The nine or so species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Myrsine L. (Syn .: Pilogyne Gagnep. , Suttonia A.Rich. ): The 155 to 300 species are common in the tropics.
  • Oncostemum A. Juss. : The approximately 90 species in Madagascar and the Mascarene Mountains .
  • Parathesis (A.DC.) Hook. f. : The approximately 95 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Pelletiera A.St.-Hil. : Of the only two species, one occurs in South America and one in Macaronesia . (but they are also placed at Lysimachia )
  • Pleiomeris A.DC. : It contains only one type:
  • Rapanea Aubl. (Also referred to as Myrsine ): The 100or sospecies are common in the tropics.
  • Sadiria Mez : The four or so species occur from the eastern Himalayas to Assam.
  • Solonia Urb. : It contains only one type:
  • Stimpsonia C. Wright ex A. Gray ; with only one kind:
  • Stylogyne A.DC. : The approximately 60 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Systellantha B.C.Stone : The only two species are only before in Borneo.
  • Tapeinosperma hook. f. : Of the approximately 55 species, five are found in Malesia and tropical Australia, 39 species in New Caledonia and eleven species in the Fiji Islands.
  • Tetrardisia Mez (also referred to as Ardisia ): The four to five species occur in western Malesia.
  • Seven stars ( Trientalis L. ): It contains only two or three species ( Trientalis borealis and Trientalis latifolia are probably only subspecies of one species) that are widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere:
  • Vegaea Urb. : It contains only one type:
  • Wallenia Sw. : The approximately 20 species occur on Caribbean islands.
  • Yunckeria Lundell (is alsoplaced under Ctenardisia ): The only three species occur from Mexico to Nicaragua.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Myrsinoideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa from David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  3. ↑ Bertil Ståhl: The relationships of Heberdenia bahamensis and H. penduliflora (Myrsinaceae) , in: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 122, Issue 4, 1996, pp. 315-333. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.1996.tb02079.x

Web links

Commons : Myrsins  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files