Theophrastoideae

Theophrastoideae
Deherainia smaragdina : evergreen shrub with green, dichogamous, protandric flowers and simple leaves
Systematics
Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Order : Heather-like (Ericales) Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae) Subfamily : Theophrastoideae
Scientific name
Theophrastoideae
( Bartl. ) A.DC.

The Theophrastoideae , rarely also called snail seed family, are a subfamily in the plant family of the primrose family (Primulaceae) from the order of the heather-like (Ericales). It contains about eight genera and around 105 species . It was formerly a family of Theophrastaceae.

description

Blossom of Deherainia smaragdina : Only when the stigma is ready to receive, the stamens spread outward and reveal the ovary, style and stigma

Vegetative characteristics

The genera of the tribe Theophrasteae contain evergreen, small to tall shrubs or small trees . The alternate, often (seemingly) lively arranged leaves are stalked, leathery, simple and have glandular dots. The leaf margin is usually wavy to serrated or serrated, rarely entire. There are no stipules.

The genus Samolus contains 15 herbaceous plant species with stalked leaves, which are alternate in the lower area of ​​the branches and whirl together at the end of the branches .

For all genera, the subepidermal fibers can be seen as fine stripes when viewed with a magnifying glass on dried leaves.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are rarely solitary, mostly in terminal, sometimes lateral inflorescences in the form of grapes , umbrella grapes or coils. There are usually cover sheets available.

The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical to somewhat asymmetrical and usually five, sometimes four. You have a double perianth (perianth). In many Clavija species, the flowers are unisexual. The rarely four or mostly five sepals are usually free, in Clavija and Samolus they are fused tubular at the base. The (four to) five petals are fused. The Androeceum seldom contains eight or mostly ten stamens and consists of two circles: the outer circle contains (four or) five sterile , petaloid ("corolla-like") staminodes ; the seldom four or mostly five stamens of the inner circle are fertile . Initially, when the flower opens, the anthers stand together like cones and later they are spread out. Most five (rarely four) carpels are one in the tribe Theophrasteae Upper constant in Samolus half under continuous, syncarp, einfächerigen ovary grown together with several to many ovules . There is a stylus and a scar.

The fruits are mostly dry berries , rarely stone fruits , but with Samolus there are five-lobed capsule fruits .

Tribe Theophrasteae: Clavija nutans

Tribe Theophrasteae: Jacquinia keyensis

Tribe Theophrasteae: Theophrasta jussiaei

Tribe Samoleae: Samolus repens

Systematics and distribution

The genera of the tribe Theophrasteae have a purely neotropical distribution.

The Samolus species are found in the floral regions of the Holarctic , Neotropic , Palaeotropic , Capensis , Australis and Antarctic . Samolus species thrive in all climatic zones, with a focus on temperate climates on all continents.

Botanical history

According to APG III, the taxa of the previous family Theophrastaceae Link are to the same extent in 2009 as the subfamily Theophrastoideae (Bartl.) A.DC. classified in the family Primulaceae . The name of the subfamily was published in 1844 by Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle in Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle : Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis , Volume 8, p. 145. The Theophrasteae was first published in 1830 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling in Ordines naturales plantarum , p. 165. The family name Theophrastaceae was published as early as 1829 by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in Handbuch 1 , 440. The type genus is Theophrasta L. , whose botanical name honors the Greek philosopher Theophrastus of Eresos (around 371 BC - around 287 BC) .

Structure of the subfamily

The subfamily Theophrastoideae consists of two tribe with about eight (five to nine) genera with about 105 species:

• Tribe Theophrasteae Bartl. : With basic chromosome numbers of n = 18, 20, 24. The approximately seven genera contain approximately 90 woody species:
  • Bonellia Bertero ex Colla : The 22 species of wood that have been around since 2004 arewidespreadin the Neotropics .
  • Clavija Ruiz & Pav. (Including Horta Vell. And Zacintha Vell. ): The 50 to 55 woody species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Deherainia Decne. : The (two to) three types of shrub are common in Central America from Mexico to Costa Rica . You have dichogamous , protandrous flowers.
  • Jacquinia L .: The more than 13 wood species since 2004 are widespread in the Neotropic. The genus was polyphyletic in the previous extentand was therefore later divided into several genera.
  • Neomezia Votsch : There is only one type:
    • Neomezia cubensis (Radlk.) Votsch (Syn .: Theophrasta cubensis Radlk. ): It is endemic to western Cuba .
  • Theophrasta L .: The only two woody species occur only on Hispaniola .
  • Votschia B.Ståhl : There is only one type:
    • Votschia nemophila (Pittier) Ståhl (Syn .: Jacquinia nemophila Pittier ): It is endemic to coastal habitats in northeastern Panama .
• Tribe Samoleae Reichenbach : With basic chromosome numbers of n = rarely 12, usually 13. It contains only one genus:
  • Bunge ( Samolus L. ): The 15 or so herbaceous species are cosmopolitan in scattered areas. For some authors, this genus also forms its own family Samolaceae Raf.

More pictures

Salt bunge ( Samolus valerandi ):

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  Habitus

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  inflorescence

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  blossoms

swell

• The subfamily of Theophrastoideae within the Primulaceae on the AP website . (Section systematics)
• The Theophrastaceae family at DELTA . (Section description)
• M. Källersjö, Bertil Ståhl: Phylogeny of Theophrastaceae (Ericales, s. Lat), In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 164, 2003, pp. 579-591.
• Frederic Lensac, Steven Jansen, Pieter Caris, Liesbet Serlet. Erik Smets: Comparative Wood Anatomy of the Primuloid Clade (Ericales sl) , in Systematic Botany , Volume 30, Issue 1, 2005, pp 163-183. doi : 10.1600 / 0363644053661922
• Bertil Ståhl: Neotropical Theophrastaceae at Neotropikey by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Birgitta Bremer, Kåre Bremer, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, James L. Reveal, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Peter F. Stevens et al .: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, October 2009, pp. 105-121.
2. ↑ Theophrastaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Bertil Ståhl, M. Källersjö: Reinstatement of Bonellia (Theophrastaceae) , in Novon 14, 2004, pp. 115–118.
4. ^ Bertil Ståhl: Two new species of Clavija (Theophrastaceae) from NW South America. In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 6, Issue 6, 2008, pp. 769-772.
5. ↑ Jorge Gomez-Laurito, Nelson Zamora: Deherainia lageniformis (Theophrastaceae), a New Species from Costa Rica. In: Novon , Volume 8, 1998, pp. 141-143.
6. ↑ Attila L. Borhidi: Neomezia Votsch emend. Borhidi (Theophrastaceae), un género emdémico olvidado de la flora de Cuba. In: Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae , Volume 38, 1994, pp. 41-46.
7. ^ Bertil Ståhl: The genus Theophrasta (Theophrastaceae). Foliar structures, floral biology and taxonomy. In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 7, Issue 5, 1987, pp. 529-538. doi : 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.1987.tb02020.x
8. ↑ Bertil Ståhl: Votschia, a new genus of Theophrastaceae from northeastern Panama. In Brittonia , Volume 45, Issue 3, 1993, pp. 204-207.

Web links

Commons : Theophrastoideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Profile of the Botanical Garden Tübingen ( Memento from January 6, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )