Gauchheil
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Acker-Gauchheil ( Anagallis arvensis ), illustration |
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As Pimpernel ( Anagallis ) refers to a plant genus in the subfamily of Myrsinengewächse (Myrsinoideae) within the family of Primrose (Primulaceae). The botanical name is derived from the Greek words ana for again and agallein for decorate and indicates that species of this genus produce two flowering generations in one year. The German common name refers to the fact that the Acker-Gauchheil ( Anagallis arvensis ) used to be used to treat Gauchen (= mentally ill).
description
Appearance and leaves
Anagallis species grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plants . The aboveground plant parts are bare and there are mostly resin canals. Depending on the species, they form tap roots or only fiber roots. The independently erect or ascending stems are simple or branched.
The opposite, alternate or whorled leaves on the stem are mostly sessile. The simple leaf blades are ovate to elliptical or lanceolate with mostly rounded to wedge-shaped or rarely heart-shaped base and a pointed to blunt or pointed upper end. The leaf surfaces are bare. The leaf margin is usually smooth, rarely finely notched and usually slightly rolled down. There are no stipules.
Flowers, fruits and seeds
The stalked or sessile flowers are usually single in the leaf axils of the upper leaves. The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and rarely four, mostly five-fold with a double flower envelope . The colors of the petals range from white to pink and salmon to red or blue. The rarely four, mostly five green sepals are only briefly fused and the sepals are lanceolate. The seldom four, mostly five petals up to half their length at the most, fused together with a stem plate or almost a wheel or somewhat bell-shaped. The crown lobes are rounded or trimmed at the top. There is only one stamen circle with five or rarely four stamens . The stamens are fused at their base.
The spherical capsule fruits with a diameter of 1 to 7 millimeters spring open with a lid and contain 5 to 45 seeds. The dark brown to reddish-brown seeds are angular with papilose to honeycomb-shaped seed coats .
Sets of chromosomes
The basic chromosome number is x = 10 or 11.
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Systematics
The genus Anagallis was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 148. Lectotype species is Anagallis arvensis L. Synonyms for Anagallis L. are Centunculus L. , Micropyxis Duby .
The genus Anagallis belongs to the subfamily Myrsinoideae within the Primulaceae family and was previously placed in the Myrsinaceae family. For example, according to U. Manns & Arne A. Anderberg: New combinations and names in Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) for species of Anagallis, Pelletiera and Trientalis. In: Willdenowia , Volume 39, 2009, pp. 49–54, the Anagallis species belong to Lysimachia L. In the Flora of North America 2009, however, it is still an independent genus.
There are around 30 species of Anagallis . Here is a selection of species:
- Anagallis acuminata Welw. ex Schinz : It was first described from Angola.
- Alternate-leaved Gauchheil ( Anagallis alternifolia Cav. ): It is common in South America.
- Anagallis amplexicaulis Larrañaga : It was first described from Uruguay.
- Anagallis angustiloba (Engl.) Engl.
- Acker-Gauchheil , also called Roter Gauchheil ( Anagallis arvensis L. ): Its wide distribution area ranges from Europe to Macaronesia and North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and Western Asia to the Caucasus and from Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent and China (only Fujian, Guangdong, Heilongjiang ) and Taiwan.
- Anagallis barbata (P.Taylor) Kupicha
- Anagallis baumii R. Knuth
- Anagallis brevipes P.Taylor
- Anagallis crassifolia Thore : It is widespread from southwest Europe to northwest Africa.
- Anagallis elegantula P.Taylor
- Anagallis filifolia Engl. & Gilg
- Anagallis filiformis Cham. & Schltdl.
- Blauer Gauchheil ( Anagallis foemina Mill. )
- Anagallis gracilipes P.Taylor
- Anagallis hexamera P.Taylor
- Anagallis huerneri H.E.Hess : It was first described from the Congo area.
- Anagallis huttonii Harv.
- Anagallis kingaensis Engl.
- Anagallis kochii H.E. Hess
- Dwarf Gauchheil , also called Kleinling or Kleiner Gauchheil ( Anagallis minima (L.) EHLKrause ): It is widespread from Europe to North Africa.
- Flax-leaved Gauchheil ( Anagallis monelli L. , Syn .: Anagallis linifolia L. , Anagallis collina Schousb. , Anagallis maritima Mariz & Samp. , Anagallis monelli subsp. Collina (Schousb.) Maire ): He is with several subspecies from Sardinia , Sicily as well Southwestern Europe spread to North Africa.
- Anagallis myrtifolia Kostel.
- Anagallis nummulariifolia Baker : It only occurs in Madagascar.
- Anagallis oligantha P.Taylor
- Anagallis peploides Baker : It only occurs in Madagascar.
- Anagallis platyphylla Baudo
- Anagallis pumila Sw. : It is common in the New World, Africa (e.g. Egypt), Madagascar, Asia (India, Nepal, Indonesia) and Australia.
- Anagallis rhodesica R.E.Fr.
- Anagallis rubricaulis Bojer ex Duby : It occurs only in Madagascar.
- Anagallis schliebenii Knuth & Mildbr.
- Anagallis serpens Hochst. ex Duby
- Zarter Gauchheil ( Anagallis tenella (L.) L. ): It is distributed from Europe (with a focus on the west) to North Africa.
- Anagallis tenuicaulis Baker : It is common in Africa and Madagascar.
- Anagallis tsaratananae M. Peltier : It only occurs in Madagascar.
- Anagallis uruguayensis Arechav. : It was first described from Uruguay.
swell
- Qiming Hu & Sylvia Kelso: Primulaceae. : Anagallis , p. 79 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 15 - Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996. ISBN 0-915279-37-1 (Sections Description and Systematics)
- Anita F. Cholewa: Anagallis , p. 305 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 (sections description and classification)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Anita F. Cholewa: Anagallis , p. 305 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6
- ↑ a b c d e f Anagallis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f K. Marhold, 2011: Primulaceae. : Data sheet Anagallis at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
- ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
- ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
