European cyclamen

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European cyclamen
European cyclamen (Cyclamen purpurascens)

European cyclamen ( Cyclamen purpurascens )

Systematics
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily : Myrsine family (Myrsinoideae)
Genre : Cyclamen ( Cyclamen )
Type : European cyclamen
Scientific name
Cyclamen purpurascens
Mill.

The European cyclamen ( Cyclamen purpurascens ), also called wild cyclamen , cyclamen , earth disk or earth bread , is a species of the genus of cyclamen ( cyclamen ).

description

Subterranean plant parts
Foliage leaves
illustration
blossom

Vegetative characteristics

The European cyclamen is a partially evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 5 to 15 centimeters. It has a disc-shaped, flattened tuber lying in the ground as a persistence organ. The tuber is formed solely through a thickening of the hypocotyl , the area of ​​the stem axis between the root neck and the first cotyledon and is therefore called "hypocotyl tuber".

The basal leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The hairy petiole is relatively long. The simple, almost entire or slightly toothed leaf blade has a kidney to heart-shaped shape with rounded leaf lobes. The upper side of the leaf blade is usually dark green with lighter spots and stripes, the underside reddish. The leaves die off and sprout more or less at the same time.

Generative characteristics

Capsule fruit with a rolled stalk

The flowers stand individually nodding on a long, hairy stalk that is rolled up in a spiral at the time of fruiting. The hermaphroditic flowers , scented by fragrant essential oils , are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The hairy sepals are ovate and serrated. The crown is carmine red, darker red at the mouth of the 4 to 8 millimeter long tube, with 15 to 25 millimeters long, turned-back crown lobes. The throat of the crown is 6 to 10 millimeters in diameter. Flowering period: July to September.

The capsule fruit is spherical.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 34.

Poisonous effect

The tuber is saponine by triterpene , u. a. ( Cyclamine ) highly toxic. As little as 0.3 g of the tuber can be toxic to humans, higher doses can ultimately lead to death from respiratory paralysis. Animals react differently to the drug. Pigs are less sensitive; even the smallest doses of fish can cause unconsciousness. With 390,000 it has the highest hemolytic index measured to date. This means that 1 g of the drug dissolved in a volume of up to 390 l has a lytic activity of red blood cells.

ecology

The European cyclamen is a tuber geophyte with a hypocotyl bulb. Dug out tubers can sprout without soil and water. The flower stalks have almost no stabilizing tissue and therefore only stand upright with an optimal water supply. Vegetative propagation is possible through short runners .

The flowering period extends from June to September. From an ecological point of view it is a question of the male "bluebells with scatter cones". They don't offer nectar . They have high-sugar, drillable tissue, but in all probability it has no ecological function. The pollination is done by bees , also self-pollination is possible.

The spherical capsule fruit opens with a flap at the top. The European cyclamen is a self-sower. The fruit stalks are spirally twisted and prostrate when ripe. The fruits open in July to August of the following year. Usually they are then covered by leaves , which promotes germination for the seeds as dark germs . The seeds have an oil component, a Elaiosom , bringing the spread by ants is supported.

Occurrence and endangerment

Habit , leaves and flowers ( Steyr in Upper Austria)
Map of the natural distribution of the genus Cyclamen in Europe, Asia and Africa. (Basis: information in Wikipedia articles and on "cyclamen.org").

The European cyclamen occurs in the southern and eastern Alps to the Balkans .

In Austria , the European cyclamen occurs frequently to absent-mindedly in all federal states. In Germany it grows wild in the southeast of Bavaria in the Berchtesgaden Alps , on the Inn and on the Danube between Passau and Jochenstein . Other deposits in the Alpine foothills west to the Lech are largely extinct. Probably if not indigenous, the European cyclamen occurs in the Franconian Alb , especially in the Altmühltal and in Franconian Switzerland . A small stock in the Hersbruck Switzerland was probably originally from Carl Wenglein introduced and then was able to establish without further care measures. Further occurrences in other areas can be traced back to garden refugees.

It thrives best on calcareous soils in shady locations and mixed forests from the valley to altitudes of 2000 meters. In Central Europe it occurs especially in the association Seggen-Buchenwald ( Carici-Fagetum ) in the sub-association of the orchid-beech forests ( Cephalanthero-Fagenion ). The association characterizes a submontane, species-rich deciduous forest in which the common beech is the dominant species of sessile oak , whitebeam and Scots pine . Characteristic species are the white and red forest bird orchids and the small-leaved stendellum . Even in companies of the association Alps honeysuckle -Buchen- and beech-fir forests ( Lonicero Alpigenae-Fagenion ), the Association Schneeheide - pine forests ( Erico-Pinion ) or order Heat-loving mixed oak forests ( Quercetalia pubescentis ) occurs the wild cyclamen.

The wild cyclamen is classified as "endangered" in Bavaria's Red List and is particularly protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Cyclamen purpurascens was in 1768 by Philip Miller . Synonyms for Cyclamen purpurascens Mill. Are: Cyclamen europaeum Boissier non L. , Cyclamen fatrense Halda & Soják . The specific epithet purpurascens means "gradually turning purple".

use

Ornamental plant

As an ornamental plant , the European cyclamen is occasionally planted in the rock garden and on the edges of woody plants. It needs calcareous soils and a partially shaded location.

Possible confusion: The cyclamen used as potted plants are varieties of the indoor cyclamen ( Cyclamen persicum ), a plant species that is native to Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and western Syria.

Medicinal plant

Madaus states that since ancient times only the rhizome with roots, called “tuber terrae” by Pliny , has been used as a remedy, which also retains its effect when dried. Harvest is in autumn. With Hippocrates , cyclamen is a uterine remedy , Dioscurides calls it an emmenagogue and abortive , for snake bites, eye disorders, gout, spleen disorders and intestinal prolapse. The Middle Ages used the tuber in ointments for rubbing or as a powder on ulcers , cut and placed on strumata . Paracelsus gave cyclamen as a "wound potion" and "good laxative through the pores". Lonicerus praises it as cleansing the uterus, emmenagogue, for ascites and congestion of the spleen, the powder for fistulas and old wounds. Veleslavin calls it 1596 for nosebleeds and irregular menstruation. According to Matthiolus , it helps with jaundice , drives out "tough moisture" , and when rubbed on the stomach, it purges or even drifts off. With Weinmann , too, it expels mucus, water, menstrual blood and fruit, but also cleanses blood vessels and nasal passages, helps with jaundice, visual disturbances and dislocations. According to von Haller , it breaks up stubborn ulcers. Leclerc gave five drops of tincture two to three times a day when the ears were ringing. Haehl recommended it for hemicrania with menstrual disorders and weakness; Wurmb used it to cure a squint .

Cyclamen mad bait

The numbing effect on fish (see above) of the cyclamen has been known since antiquity, for example from Oppian in his didactic poem Halieutika , and was used for so-called mad bait for fishing, also described in a compendium for hunting, bird and fishing by Conrad Heresbach .

Common names

For the European cyclamen or its rhizome tuber the other German-language trivial names exist or existed : Cichlamme ( Old High German ), Ciglämli ( Bernese Oberland ), Dorrübl ( Tyrol ), Dorr-Rübel (Tyrol), Erdapfel, Erdnabel, Erdrübe, Erdplatten, Erdwick , Erdwort ( Middle Low German ), Erdwurz ( Middle High German ), Ertnoz (Middle Low German), Färkensbrod, Gätziäpfel ( St. Gallen near Sargans ), Gaisrüben ( Carinthia ), Haselwörzli (St. Gallen near Sargans), Hasenöhrli ( Bern , St. Gallen, Uri , Switzerland ), rabbit ear (St. Gallen), Herdepheln (Old High German), Pagatzen ( Graubünden ), Saubrot (Carinthia), Schucke ( Saxony ), pork bread (from Latin panis porcinus , denoting the root tuber ), pork cabbage (Middle High German), pork bread, Schwimkraut (Middle High German), Seubrot, Suwbrot, Sweinkraut, Swineskrut (Middle Low German), Swinkrut (Middle Low German), Swinwurzelkrut (Middle Low German), Teufelsauge ( Austria ) and forest turnips.

history

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Cyclamen purpurascens Mill., Wildes Alpenveilchen. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c data sheet from the Cyclamen Society . ( Memento of the original from April 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cyclamen.org
  3. ↑ The Greek-Latin name cyclamen comes from the Greek "kyklos" (circle, disc) with regard to the tuber shape
  4. ↑ Morphology of the axis at Ulm University.
  5. ↑ a b c d Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 282-285 .
  6. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  741 .
  7. ↑ Erlangen Botanical Garden of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg: Medicinal plants .
  8. ↑ Eberhard Teuscher, Matthias F. Melzig, Ulrike Lindequist: Biogenic medicines. A textbook in pharmaceutical biology. 6th edition. Wissenschaftliche VerlagsGmbH, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8047-2073-0 .
  9. ↑ a b c d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p.  257-258 .
  10. ↑ a b Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
  11. ↑ Naturschutzzentrum Wengleinpark eV: Erlebnis Wengleinpark, Hutanger , page 6
  12. ^ M. Moor: Attempt at a sociological-systematic structure of the Carici-Fagetum in Plant Ecology, Volume 24, February 1972, Springer Netherlands. Pages 31-69 doi : 10.1007 / BF02387391
  13. ↑ Martin Scheuerer, Wolfgang Ahlmer: Red List of Endangered Vascular Plants in Bavaria with a regionalized list of flora. In: Series of publications. Bavarian State Office for Environmental Protection. Volume 165, 2003, ISBN 3-936385-58-0 .
  14. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume II. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05891-X , pp. 1157–1162 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition) ( online ).
  15. ^ Heinrich Grimm: New contributions to the "fish literature" of the XV. to XVII. Century and through their printer and bookkeeper. In: Börsenblatt for the German book trade - Frankfurt edition. No. 89, November 5, 1968 (= Archive for the History of Books. Volume 62), pp. 2871–2887, here: p. 2883.
  16. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 123 ( online ).
  17. ↑ Dieter Lehmann: Two medical prescription books of the 15th century from the Upper Rhine. Part I: Text and Glossary. Horst Wellm, Pattensen / Han. 1985, now at Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg (= Würzburg medical-historical research , 34), ISBN 3-921456-63-0 , p. 232.
  18. ↑ Theophrastus of Eresus : Natural history of the plants . 4th century BC Chr. Edition. Kurt Sprengel . Friedrich Hammerich, Altona 1822, Volume I, p. 264 (Book 7, Chapter 9/4: Kyklaminos -Saubrot ) Translation (digitized) , Volume II, p. 276: Explanations (digitized)
  19. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 241 (Book II, Chapter 193): Kyklaminos (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia book 25, chapter LXVII (§ 114–115): Cyclaminum (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VII, Chapter X / 60 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 50): Cyclamen (digitized version)
  22. ↑ First printing: Rome 1481, Chapter 18: Herba Orbicularis (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 379: Cyclaminus (digital copy )
  24. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 191v – 192r: Ciclamen (digitized version )
  25. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 132v (No CCLVIIII): Ciclamen (digitized)
  26. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 123–124 (digitized version )
  27. ^ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century: Book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, p. 391: Sweinkraut (digitized)
  28. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 418: Vulgago vel vulfago, erde epfel (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 337: Panis porcinus (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, part II, chapter 74: Waltzeitlosen . Bock describes the plant as Cyclamen purpurescens , but interprets it as "Aristolochia of the ancients." Bock himself found the plant in the Rhine Valley between Chur and Feldkirch . (Digitized version)
  31. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 171: Pork bread (digitized)
  32. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Frankfurt am Main 1586, sheet 188r – 189r: pork bread . Erdapffel (digitized version )
  33. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 245: Cyclamen [(digital copy)]; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 382: Cyclamen (digitized version)
  34. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, column 141: Arthanita (digitized version )
  35. ↑ Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt . JB Henkel (translator): Handbook of poison theory for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and court officials . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, part I General poison theory and the poisons of the plant kingdom . P. 482–483: Cyclamin (digital copy )
  36. ↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 915–917: Cyclamin (digital copy )

Web links

Commons : European cyclamen ( Cyclamen purpurascens )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files