Tumbling Lolch

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Tumbling Lolch
Tumbling Lolch (Lolium temulentum), illustration

Tumbling Lolch ( Lolium temulentum ), illustration

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Lolch ( Lolium )
Type : Tumbling Lolch
Scientific name
Lolium temulentum
L.

The swash-ryegrass ( Lolium temulentum ), also noise grass or dizziness wheat , Toll barley , Toll grain called, is a flowering plant in the family of the sweet grasses (Poaceae). Its name is based on the symptoms of poisoning that occurred in the past after eating grain contaminated with Taumel-Lolch.

description

Habitus
inflorescence

Vegetative characteristics

Taumel-Lolch is a green to bluish-green, annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 90, rarely up to 120 centimeters. This grass grows in tufts or with individual stalks. The upright or kneeling stalks are glabrous, smooth and rough only below the ear. They are unbranched or branched at the base, the lowest nodes can be rooted.

The leaf sheaths are smooth to slightly rough and glabrous. The ligule is a 1 to 2 mm long hem. The leaf blades are 6 to 30 cm long and 2 to 8 (rarely 12) mm wide. In the bud position they are rolled up, later spread out flat. The blades are bare, the top and the edges are rough. The underside is shiny. At the base there are two crescent-shaped ears that encircle the stalk, but they can also be missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowering time is in June and July. The upright ear is 5 to 25 cm long and has a serpentine spindle . The spikelets are alternate, consist of 4 to 10 (rarely up to 15) florets and are 15 to 20 mm long without awn. The spikelet axis is noticeably long between the florets. The upper glume is only present on the uppermost spikelet. The lower one is five to nine veins, 7 to 30 mm long, of lanceolate, narrowly rounded shape, rough, stiff and with delicate-skinned edges. The lemmas vary in length within a spikelet. The lowest one is five to nine veins, 5 to 8.5 mm long, ovoid to broadly elliptical in shape, initially coarse-skinned and tough, later becoming hard to cartilaginous. The upper end is membranous, smooth and bald. An awn up to 20 mm long sits 0.5 to 2 mm from the upper edge , but it can also be missing. The palea are two-veined, the same length as the lemma and around 2.5 mm wide. The anthers are 2 to 3.5 mm long.

The caryopsis is 4 to 7 mm long, smooth and bald.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14.

Ecology and toxicology

The Taumel Lolch is a therophyte .

The tumbling peep is often attacked by the endoparasitic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum (a relative of the ergot fungus ). a. forms neurotoxic indole alkaloids , making the entire plant toxic. Since the tumbling poke used to grow in grain fields , seeds often got into the grist and flour . The consumption of the contaminated flour resulted in symptoms of poisoning such as dizziness (staggering) and visual disturbances, in rare cases even death. Today, due to the use of herbicides in integrated cultivation and grain cleaning, this no longer occurs.

In a symbiosis with the dagger, Neotyphodium coenophialum is able to produce loline alkaloids . These compounds, counted among the pyrrolizidine alkaloids , have an insecticidal effect and can protect the plant from being eaten.

Distribution and locations

The Taumel-Lolch is originally native to the Mediterranean area. Its distribution area includes the temperate zones of Eurasia, North Africa and Macaronesia . In many other countries he is a neophyte.

In the Tanach the tumbling Lolch appears as bo'šāh ( בָאְשָׁה“Weeds” Hi 31.40  EU ) and in the Gospel of Matthew in the parable of the weeds under the wheat with the Greek name zizánion ( ζιζάνιον Mt 13.24–30  EU ; 13.36–43 EU ). The Greeks also called it aîra ( αἶρα ). It has been assumed that the plant was a psychoactive component of the kykeon drunk in the context of the Eleusis mysteries .

With the cultivation of the fields, the tumbling puddle spread in the temperate zones. In Germany it is classified as an archaeophyte , but is now considered to be extinct or lost.

In the past, the tumbling lole was a weed that was damaging to yield, especially in the rainy years, especially in oat and spring barley fields, but it was also used in folk medicine as a medicinal substance for skin diseases and ulcers . Today it is extinct or lost in many areas. The species still grows in rubble yards, freight yards and in port facilities, on wasteland and along roadsides. It occurs on fresh, nutrient and base-rich, rather calcareous loam and loess soils, is a nutrient indicator and a light plant .

Common names

Other popular names for the plant include vertigo grain, tobacco herb, intoxicating grass, poisonous straw, oat swindle, droon kart, deaf weed, wild barley, sleeping wheat, kribbelraotch, devil's herb and hen killer.

In terms of plant sociology , Taumel-Lolch is a class characteristic of the cereal weed societies ( Secalietea cerealis ).

literature

  • Hans Joachim Conert: Parey's grass book. Recognize and determine the grasses of Germany . Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3327-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Lolium temulentum L., Taumel-Lolch. In: FloraWeb.de. , last accessed on September 27, 2015.
  2. ^ Franz von Paula cabinet : Baiersche Flora. Volume 1, Strobl, Munich 1789, p. 382 .
  3. ↑ P. Esser: The poisonous plants of Germany. Springer, 1910, ISBN 978-3-663-19900-7 , p. 22.
  4. ↑ Index Fungorum , accessed March 27, 2019.
  5. ↑ Dietrich Frohne, Uwe Jensen: Systematics of the Plant Kingdom. With special attention to chemical characteristics and herbal drugs. 4th, revised edition. G. Fischer, Stuttgart a. a. 1992, ISBN 3-437-20486-6 .
  6. ↑ Christopher L. Schardl, Robert B. Grossman, Padmaja Nagabhyru, Jerome R. Faulkner, Uma P. Mallik: Loline alkaloids: Currencies of mutualism . In: Phytochemistry . tape 68 , no. 7 , April 2007, ISSN  0031-9422 , p. 980-996 , doi : 10.1016 / j.phytochem.2007.01.010 , PMID 17346759 .
  7. ^ Charles E. Hubbard: Grasses. A Guide to their Structure, Identification, Uses and Distribution in the British Isles. 3rd edition. Penguin, London 1992, ISBN 0-14-013227-9 , p. 153.
  8. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Lolium temulentum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  9. ^ R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann , Carl AP Ruck: The way to Eleusis. The secret of the mysteries. Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1984, ISBN 3-458-14138-3 , p. 64 f.
  10. ↑ See also: Hans H [ugo] Lauer: Taumellolch (šailam) in an Arabic magic recipe. In: Sudhoff's archive . Vol. 49, No. 1, 1965, pp. 37-49, JSTOR 20775153 .
  11. ↑ Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs in two volumes. Heidelberg / Berlin (1999) 2003, Volume 2, p. 30.
  12. ^ Fritz-Martin Engel: Flora magica. Secret and essence of the plant. Löwit, Wiesbaden 1972, p. 23 f.
  13. ↑ Petra Christ: Hexensalbe - A drug of the late Middle Ages and early modern times? Tradition and Criticism. Folklore master's thesis. Würzburg 1995, p. 140 f.

Web links

Commons : Taumel-Lolch ( Lolium temulentum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files