Lolch

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Lolch
1: Tumbling Lolch (Lolium temulentum, left) 2: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, right)

1: Tumbling Lolch ( Lolium temulentum , left)
2: Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum , right)

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Lolch
Scientific name
Lolium
L.

Lolch or ryegrass ( Lolium ) is a genus of plants from the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The genus is distributed worldwide.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Belong to the genus Lolium year to perennial herbaceous plants . The stalks stand upright, lying down or kneeling and ascending. They are simple or branched at the base. The nodes are bare. The leaf sheaths are grooved. On the non-flowering shoots they are almost entirely fused, on the stalk leaves they are open to the base. The ligule is a membranous border. The leaf blades are flat, in the bud position they are rolled or folded. At the base of the spreiten there are ears that encircle the stalk, but they can be small or absent.

Generative characteristics

The annual inflorescences are terminal, individually on the stalks. The spikelets are alternate in two rows on the ear. The ear axis is angular and does not disintegrate when the fruit is ripe. The spikelets are slightly compressed, sessile and with the narrow side turned to the ear axis. This is slightly hollowed out. A spikelet contains 3 to 22 florets , the top one is often stunted and the others are hermaphroditic. The spikelet axis disintegrates between the florets when the fruit is ripe, but not in Lolium remotum and Lolium temulentum .

The lower glume is absent or only rudimentary, the upper has three to nine nerves, is shorter or longer than the spikelet, membranous to coarse and rounded on the back. The lemmas have five to seven nerves and are membranous, coarse-skinned or thickened with cartilage. Its back is rounded and can carry an awn below the tip . The palea are two-veined and of the same length as the lemma. There are three stamens . The ovary is glabrous, has two short, terminal styluses with pinnate scars .

The caryopses are fused with the palea. The embryo takes up a fifth to a third of the length of the fruit. The umbilicus is line-shaped and almost as long as the caryopsis.

ingredients

Fructans are formed as reserve carbohydrates . The formation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids is linked to the occurrence of endophytic fungi, although it is unclear whether the formation is caused by the fungi or by the plants as a reaction to the fungi.

pollination

There are foreign and self-fertilizers among the Lolium species. Fertile hybrids develop between the cross-pollinated species . Hybrids arise between cross-pollinators and self-pollinators when the mother plant is cross-pollinated. The F1 hybrids are mostly sterile, but backcrosses are possible with both parents.

Systematics

The genus Lolium was established by Carl von Linné . In ancient times, Lolium was the name for the tumbling lole .

The genus Lolium belongs to the tribe Poeae in the subfamily Pooideae within the family Poaceae . It is closely related to the fescue ( Festuca ), with the meadow fescue even generic hybrids can be formed: German hybrid fescue (× Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) A.Camus = Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis ). But if you put Festuca pratensis next to Lolium , this hybrid must be named Lolium × elongatum (Ehrh.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi .

German ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )
Flax Lolch ( Lolium remotum )
Giant fescue ( Lolium giganteum )
Inflorescence of the meadow fescue ( Lolium pratense )

There are about 8-27 species in the genus Lolium :

  • Lolium adzharicum (Tzvelev) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi : It occurs in Transcaucasia.
  • Lolium canariense Steud. : The home is the Canary and Cape Verde Islands.
  • Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, many-flowered Lolch ( Lolium multiflorum Lam. , Syn .: Lolium italicum A.Braun ); Distribution area: from the Azores, Canaries and Madeira across North Africa to South Europe and the Middle East, but synanthropically also in Asia, Africa, North and South America, Tasmania and New Zealand
  • German ryegrass , English ryegrass , perennial lolch ( Lolium perenne L. ): The distribution area extends from Europe to Western Asia to North Africa, synanthropically also in Asia, in the New World, Greenland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Polynesia.
  • Lolium persicum Boiss. & High. ex Boiss. : The distribution area extends from Turkey to northern China and the Himalayas, it also includes the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra.
  • Lein-Lolch ( Lolium remotum closet ): In the past all over Europe, now rarely here and only ruderally, but also in Asia, North Africa, the Canary Islands and Azores, in North America and Western Australia. The homeland ranges from northern Pakistan to the western Himalayas.
  • Stiff Lolch ( Lolium rigidum Gaudin ): It is originally from Macaronesia to southern Central Europe and to the western Himalayas and China. One can distinguish between two subspecies:
    • Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides Sennen & Mauricio (Syn .: Lolium loliaceum (Bory & Chaub.) Hand.-Mazz. ): The distribution area extends from the Canary Islands and Madeira, the coasts of Southern Europe and the Middle East, synanthropically also in South Africa, Australia, North and South America .
    • Lolium rigidum subsp. rigidum ; Distribution area: North Africa, South Europe, Madeira, Canaries, Front to Central Asia, synanthropic also in East Asia, Australia, North and South America.
  • Lolium saxatile H.Scholz & S.Scholz : The home is the eastern Canary Islands.
  • Tumbling lole ( Lolium temulentum L. ); probably native to the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia, formerly otherwise synanthropic in the rest of Europe, Asia, Africa, also in America, Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii.
  • Lolium tuberosum (Romero Zarco & Cabezudo) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi : It occurs in northwestern Morocco and southwestern Spain.

A hybrid within the earlier genus Lolium is:

Since the work of SJ Darbyshire, however, some species that were previously included in the Festuca genus are now included in Lolium :

  • Lolium apenninum (De Not.) Ardenghi & Foggi (Syn .: Festuca apennina De Not. ): It occurs from the mountains of Central Europe to Greece.
  • Reed fescue ( Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. , Syn .: Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ): With two subspecies.
  • Lolium atlantigenum (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca elatior var. Atlantigena St.-Yves ): It occurs in the Azores and in the western and central Mediterranean region.
  • Lolium chayuense (L.Liu) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca chayuensis L.Liu ): It occurs in Tibet.
  • Lolium duratum (BSSun & H.Peng) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca durata B.S.Sun & H.Peng ): It occurs in China.
  • Lolium font-queri (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca font-queri St.-Yves ): It occurs in Morocco.
  • Lolium formosanum (Honda) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca formosana Honda ): It occurs in northeastern Taiwan.
  • Giant fescue ( Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbysh. , Syn .: Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. )
  • Lolium interruptum (Desf.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca interrupta Desf. ): It occurs with two subspecies from southern Central Europe, from Eastern Europe and the Central Meme region to the Caucasus.
  • Lolium letourneuxianum (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca elatior var. Letourneuxiana St.-Yves ): It occurs in Algeria.
  • Lolium liangshanicum (L.Liu) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca liangshanica L.Liu ): It occurs in Sichuan.
  • Lolium mairei (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca mairei St.-Yves ): It occurs in Morocco.
  • Lolium mazzettianum (EBAlexeev) Darbysh. (Syn .: Festuca mazzettiana E.B. Alexeev ): It occurs in Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Lolium mediterraneum (Hack.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca elatior subvar. Mediterranea Hack. ): It occurs in the Mediterranean area.
  • Lolium pluriflorum (Schult.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca pluriflora Schult. ): It occurs in Greece, Crete and Sicily.
  • Meadow fescue ( Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh. , Syn .: Festuca pratensis Huds. )
  • Lolium scabriflorum (L.Liu) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi (Syn .: Festuca scabriflora L.Liu ): It occurs from Tibet to Sichuan and Yunnan.

supporting documents

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Hans Joachim Conert: Lolium. In: Gustav Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe . 3rd ed., Volume I, Part 3, pages 633-648. Paul Parey Publishing House, Berlin, Hamburg, 1996. ISBN 3-8263-3078-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ WD Clayton, KT Harman, H. Williamson: World Grass Species: Descriptions, Identification, and Information Retrieval , 2002ff, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . accessed January 30, 2008.
  2. ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Lolium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  4. ↑ Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  5. ↑ Lolium loliaceum (Bory & Chaub.) Hand.-Mazz .. In: FloraWeb.de. , accessed August 13, 2008.

Web links

Commons : Lolch ( Lolium )  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Lolch  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations