Fescue

Fescue
	Sheep fescue ( Festuca ovina agg.), Illustration
Systematics
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Sweet grass (Poales)
Family :	Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily :	Pooideae
Genre :	Fescue
Scientific name
	Festuca
	L.

The fescue ( Festuca ) are a genus of plants within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The genus Festuca is distributed worldwide with 633 species ( cosmopolitan ).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Festuca species are herbaceous plants . You are persistent. They form clumps or grow turf-shaped. The leaves are folded, curled, or flat. The leaf sheaths are open or closed. The stalks are unbranched.

Generative characteristics

Festuca species are bluegrass. Their spikelets are petiolate and consist of (2-) 4 or a few florets; they are compressed from the side. Of the two glumes, the lower is one-nerved; the upper one is broader and usually three-nerved. The lemma is rounded on the back, it is not keeled and often has an awn on the tip. The glume is membranous. There are three stamens. The fruit is free or fused with palea or lemma.

Types (selection)

A complete list of species can be found in R. Govaerts.

Amethyst fescue ( Festuca amethystina )

Fescue fescue ( Festuca bosniaca ) on its natural habitat in Montenegro

Blue fescue ( Festuca cinerea )

Giant fescue ( Festuca gigantea )

Pale fescue ( Festuca pallens )

Red fescue ( Festuca rubra )

The following species occur in Central Europe:

Alpine fescue ( Festuca alpina Suter ): It thrives in European mountains from the Pyrenees over the Alps to the Tatra Mountains .
Forest fescue ( Festuca altissima All. ): The wide Eurasian distribution area extends from Europe over the Caucasus and Central Asia to Siberia .
Amethyst fescue ( Festuca amethystina L. ): The range extends from Europe to Turkey and the Caucasus.
Apennine fescue ( Festuca apennina De Not .; Also as a subspecies subsp. Apennina (De Not.) Hack. Ex Hegi zu Festuca pratensis ): It thrives in the Alps, the Apennines , Sicily , Slovenia and the Carpathians .
Reed fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ); Distribution area: Europe, Turkey
Trespen fescue ( Festuca bromoides L. , Syn .: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray ): It occurs in Macaronesia, from Europe to the Caucasus, from the Sahara to Kenya, in southwest Cameroon and on the southwest Arabian Peninsula.
Hair fescue ( Festuca filiformis Pourr. , Syn .: Festuca tenuifolia Sibth. ): It occurs from Europe to the Caucasus and northwest Africa.
Giant fescue ( Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. ); Distribution area: Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia
Hard fescue ( Festuca guestfalica Boenn. Ex Rchb. ): It occurs in north-western and central Europe.
Rock fescue ( Festuca halleri All. ); Distribution area: Alps of France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria and the former Yugoslavia.
Different-leaved fescue ( Festuca heterophylla Lam. ): It occurs in Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus.
Middle rock fescue ( Festuca intercedens (Hack.) Lüdi ex Becherer ): Distribution area: Alps from France to Slovenia, absent in Germany
Jurassic fescue ( Festuca jurana Gren. Ex Nym. , Syn .: Festuca pulchella subsp. Jurana (Gren.) Margraviate-Dann. ): It only thrives in the Jura and in the Alps.
Flaccid fescue ( Festuca laxa Host ): It only thrives in the southeastern Alps .
Mouse-tail fescue ( Festuca myuros L. , Syn. Vulpia myuros (L.) CCGmel. ): It occurs from Europe to Taiwan and Sri Lanka and from Macaronesia to the Arabian Peninsula and Kenya.
Noric fescue ( Festuca norica (Hack.) K. Richt. ); Distribution area: Eastern Alps, Slovenia, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Italy
Sheep fescue ( Festuca ovina agg.): A species group with numerous small species, for example:
- Calamine sheep fescue ( Festuca aquisgranensis Patzke & GKBr. ); Geographical area: Belgium

Pale fescue ( Festuca pallens Host ): It occurs in Central and Eastern Europe.

Gold fescue ( Festuca paniculata (L.) Schinz & Thell. ); Distribution area: Europe, North Africa. Some authors put it as Patzkea paniculata (L.) GHLoos in the genus Patzkea .

Meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis Huds. ): It is widespread in Eurasia .

Dark purple fescue or blackish fescue ( Festuca puccinellii Parl .; Syn .: Festuca nigricans (Hack.) K.Richt. ); Distribution area: Alps, Apennines, Jura

Beautiful fescue ( Festuca pulchella Schrad. ); Distribution area: Alps and Jura

Lower fescue ( Festuca quadriflora Honck. , Syn .: Festuca pumila Vill. ); Distribution area: Pyrenees, Alps, Jura

Ritschl's fescue ( Festuca ritschlii (Spribille) Patzke & GHLoos , syn .: Festuca amethystina subsp. Ritschlii (Spribille) Lemke ex Markgr.-Dann. ), Named after the teacher in Posen, Georg Adolf Ritschl (1816–1866); Distribution area: Bavaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland. But some authors only as a synonym for Festuca amethystina L. asked.

Red fescue ( Festuca rubra agg.), A species group with several small species, for example:

Dune red fescue ( Festuca arenaria Osbeck , Syn .: Festuca rubra subsp. Arenaria (Osbeck) F. Areschoug ); Distribution area: Coast of Northwest and Northern Europe, Baltic States
Flat-leaved red fescue ( Festuca heteromalla Pourr. )
Horst red fescue ( Festuca nigrescens Lam. )
Common red fescue ( Festuca rubra L. )
Salt marsh red fescue ( Festuca salina Natho & Stohr )
Hairy red fescue ( Festuca trichophylla (Ducros ex Gaudin) K. Richt. )
Rush red fescue ( Festuca unifaria Dum. , Syn .: Festuca rubra subsp. Juncea (Hack.) K. Richt. )

Chamois fescue ( Festuca rupicaprina (Hack.) Kern. ): It thrives in the Central and Eastern Alps in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the former Yugoslavia.

Violet fescue ( Festuca violacea Schleicher ex Gaudin ): It occurs in four subspecies in Central and Southeastern Europe.

Other species from Europe (selection):

Colorful fescue Festuca bosniaca Kumm. & Sendtn. : The distribution area is Amphi-Adriatic and it occurs in Bulgaria and Serbia.
Blue fescue ( Festuca cinerea Vill. ); Distribution area: Southeast France, Northwest Italy
Festuca eskia Ramond ex DC. : It only thrives in the Pyrenees.
Festuca flavescens Bellardi : It occurs in the southwestern Alps of France and Italy.
Bearskin fescue ( Festuca gautieri (Hack.) K. Richt. ): It occurs only in southwest France and northeast Spain .
Bristle tail grass ( Festuca incurva (Gouan) Good man , Syn .: Psilurus incurvus . (Gouan) Schinz & Thell , Psilurus nardoides Trin. ): The species is found from the Mediterranean to Central Asia and Pakistan.
Festuca panciciana (Hack.) K. Richt . : It only thrives on the northern and central Balkan Peninsula .

Festuca polita (Halácsy) Tzvelev var. Cretica Markgr.-Then. : This endemic occurs only in Crete .

Festuca scabriculmis (Hack.) K. Richt. : It occurs in the southern Alps of France, Switzerland and Italy.

Brood-bud fescue ( Festuca vivipara (L.) Sm. ); Distribution area: Northern Europe, Siberia, North America, Greenland.

Other species outside of Europe (selection):

Festuca abyssinica A.Rich. : Africa
Festuca acanthophylla É.Desv. : Chile and Argentina
Festuca asplundii E.B. Alexeev : Colombia and Ecuador
Festuca borissii Reverd. : Siberia to Central Asia
Festuca californica Vasey : Oregon and California
Festuca cundinamarcae E.B. Alexeev : Colombia
Festuca dichoclada Pilg. : Colombia and Peru
Festuca elata Keng ex EBAlexeev : Southern China
Festuca hawaiiensis Hitchc. : Hawaii
Festuca humbertii litard. & Maire : Morocco
Festuca japonica Makino : China to temperate East Asia
Festuca lenensis Drobow : Siberia to Russia's Far East, Subarctic America
Festuca markgrafiae Veldkamp : New Guinea
Festuca most Clayton : Bioko, Cameroon, Ethiopia and Kenya
Festuca nepalica E.B. Alexeev : Nepal
Festuca polycolea Stapf : Himalaya
Festuca richardii E.B.Alexeev : Ethiopia
Festuca shishkinii Krivot. : Kyrgyzstan
Festuca subulata Trin. : Alaska to Mexico
Festuca werdermannii St.-Yves : Chile and Argentina
Festuca xenophontis marrow -then. : Northeast Turkey
Festuca yemenensis E.B. Alexeev : Yemen.

For example, some authors place the following species in Lolium rather than Festuca :

Festuca arundinacea Schreb. => Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.
Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. => Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbysh.
Festuca mazzettiana E.B. Alexeev => Lolium mazzettianum (EBAlexeev) Darbysh.
Festuca pratensis Huds. => Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.

use

The red fescue ( Festuca rubra ) is best known because it occurs in many lawn mixtures . Due to its very fine leaves and dense growth, the red fescue is suitable for demanding lawns. Festuca ovina is used as a drought-tolerant species in landscape grass mixes .

Other species are used as ornamental grasses in perennial plantations . Festuca glauca and Festuca ovina are used as low clump grasses , Festuca scoparia as a cushion-shaped growing species and Festuca mairei as high clump grass .

literature

Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Our grasses. Sweet grasses, sour grasses, rushes . 11th edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07613-X .
Ernst Klapp (greetings), Peter Boeker: Pocket book of grasses. 11., revised. Edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-489-60810-0 .
Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , pp. 1415-1417. (German-speaking common names)
Hans Joachim Conert: Festuca . Hans Joachim Conert (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, completely revised edition. Volume I. Part 3: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 1 (2). Poaceae (real grasses or sweet grasses) . Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-8263-2868-X , p. 530–633 (published in deliveries 1979–1998 7th and 8th / 9th delivery, 1994 and 1996).
Ingeborg Markgraf-Dannenberg: Festuca L. , pages 125–153. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al .: Flora Europaea. Volume 5 Cambridge University Press 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X .

Individual evidence

↑ Catalog of Life: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/8092787680d53b019dad8c5ff2181fbe
↑ ^a ^b I. Markgraf-Dannenberg: Festuca L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 5, pages 125-153. Cambridge University Press 1980. ISBN 0-521-20108-X
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Festuca. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 12, 2020.
^ TG Tutin (Ed.) 1980: Flora Europaea. , Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). ISBN 0-521-20108-X . Here p. 149

Web links

Commons : Fescue ( Festuca ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[1] Catalog of Life: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/8092787680d53b019dad8c5ff2181fbe

[Markgraf-Dannenberg-2] I. Markgraf-Dannenberg: Festuca L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 5, pages 125-153. Cambridge University Press 1980. ISBN 0-521-20108-X

[WCSP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Festuca. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 12, 2020.

[4] TG Tutin (Ed.) 1980: Flora Europaea. , Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). ISBN 0-521-20108-X . Here p. 149