Goat lip
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Goat lip ( Xerocomus subtomentosus ) |
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| ( L .: Fr. ) Quél. 1888 |
The goat lip or felty bolete ( Xerocomus subtomentosus , syn .: Boletus subtomentosus ) is a fungus from the family of thick bolete relatives . Some authors arrange the kind of the genus Boletus ( Boletus too).
features
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Macroscopic features
The hat is cushion-shaped, with age it flattens out somewhat, but never becomes completely flat. It reaches a diameter between three and ten centimeters. The coloring is very variable. It ranges from yellow to greenish to brownish olive; brown-yellow or dark olive-brown tones also occur. Young specimens are already relatively dark and only fade a little later. The surface is initially olive-yellow and remains velvety-tomentose for a long time. The hat skin hardly tears.
The tubes are colored bright golden yellow, only when they are old do they tint a little greenish yellow. At the beginning they are quite small, with age they can grow up to two millimeters wide. Pressure points turn blue. The spore powder is colored olive brown.
The stem becomes three to eight inches long and between 0.5 and 2 inches thick. It is slim to robust and cylindrical in shape, but can be slightly thickened at the base. The color ranges from light yellow to pale brownish yellow. In the middle to upper part it is often brownish or tinged with reddish. In the upper part, brownish lines can often be seen on the surface, which can also form a network pattern; they are formed by flakes or veins. The stem is seldom completely smooth. The mycelium at the base is whitish to pale yellow in color.
The flesh ( trama ) is light yellow. In the stem, the color becomes stronger downwards or ocher yellow to reddish brown. It hardly changes color when injured; rarely does it turn distinctly blue. The meat has no particular smell and tastes mild.
Microscopic features
The spores are spindle-shaped and measure 11 to 16 × 4 to 5.5 micrometers; the ratio between length and width is usually more than 3.2. The club-like basidia are 25 to 35 (40) × 7 to 10 micrometers in size. The cystids are spindle-shaped to bottle-shaped and rounded at the tip; they measure 35 to 60 × 7 to 11 micrometers. The top layer of the hat has erect hyphae ends with yellow-brownish end cells. These are long and thin (40 × 15 micrometers).
Species delimitation
The goat lip has many manifestations and is therefore not always easy to spot. The red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus chrysenteron ) is similar if it has few red tones. However, this has a more gray-brown cap, partly with cracks, less luminous pores and a sour taste. It also differs through the strong red colored stick meat. The parasitic boletus ( Pseudoboletus parasiticus ) grows on the thick-skinned potato bovist . Other similar species are the Brown Filzröhrling ( X. ferrugineus syn. X. spadiceus ) and Xerocomus chrysonemus ; see the section on systematics .
ecology
The goat's lip is a mycorrhizal fungus that is preferred to be found in various red beech forests , especially hornbeam and woodruff beech forests . In addition, it occurs in acidic spruce-fir forests and, more rarely, in oak-hornbeam forests . The fungus can also be found in man-made spruce forests . In contrast, it appears less frequently in parks, gardens and similar biotopes .
The fruiting bodies appear in central to northern Europe in summer and autumn, rarely in spring. The focus is between July and October. They tend to grow individually.
distribution
The goat lip is meridional to boreal , possibly also boreo-subtropical. It can be found in North America, Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, Japan and probably also in Indonesia. In Europe the species can be found everywhere except in the northernmost regions. In Germany it is fairly evenly distributed, although it is apparently somewhat more common in the south.
Systematics
In the circle of shapes around the goat's lip, some other species are sometimes delimited, which should be distinguished by different hat colors, handle textures, chemical reactions and mycorrhizal partners. So initially the brown felt tube ( X. ferrugineus syn. X. spadiceus ) was occasionally differentiated. However, many authors viewed it only as a variation of the goat lip, as transitions were observed in the above-mentioned distinguishing features. However, molecular genetic studies showed that they are actually different species. It differs from the goat lip in that it has a brown hat that sheds more quickly, lighter flesh and a more variable surface finish on the handle. In addition, the mycelium at the base of the stem is more brightly colored. Furthermore, the species Xerocomus chrysonemus was discovered. It differs mainly in the length-width ratio of the spores, which is usually a maximum of 2.3. It has pale to intensely yellow flesh and golden yellow basal mycelium. The species has so far only been found in Great Britain.
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . BLV, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0053-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Synonyms of Xerocomus subtomentosus . In: speciesfungorum.org . Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ↑ Xerocomus subtomentosus . In: MycoBank, the fungal website /mycobank.org . Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ↑ a b c Andy FS Taylor, Alan E. Hills, Giampaolo Simonini, Ernst E. Both, Ursula Eberhardt: Detection of species within the Xerocomus subtomentosus complex in Europe using rDNA-ITS sequences. ( Memento of the original from July 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 444 kB) Elsevier 2005. doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2005.11.013 . Page 285.
- ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 329.
