Real concrete

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Real concrete
Real betony (betonica officinalis)

Real betony ( betonica officinalis )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Genre : Betonien ( Betonica )
Type : Real concrete
Scientific name
Betonica officinalis
L.

The Stachys officinalis ( Betonica officinalis ), also Medicinal Ziest , Heilbatunge , flea flower , Pfaff flower , tooth herb or Zehrkraut called, is a plant from the genus of Betonien ( Betonica ) within the family of Labiatae (Lamiaceae).

description

The real betony is a very variable species (collective species), of which numerous infraspecific taxa have been described.

Vegetative characteristics

The real betony is a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches stature heights of mostly 30 to 80 (20 to 120) cm. As a hemicryptophyte , it forms a subterranean, nodular rhizome as a perennial organ. The stem is upright, characteristically blunt, square and almost bald or has close-fitting hairs up to 1.5 mm long ( indument ). Some of the leaves are in a basal rosette; they have 4 to 12 cm long petioles. Two to three pairs of leaves are short-stalked to sitting and cross-opposite on the stem. The simple leaf blades are narrowly ovate to oval, stalked (the lower ones up to 15 cm long) and heart-shaped at the base. They have clear teeth, network nerves and predominantly hair on the underside.

The Heilziest, the Real Betonie, Betonica officinalis or Stachys betonica 08.jpg
Scion
The Heilziest, the Real Betonie, Betonica officinalis or Stachys betonica 04.jpg
Heart-shaped leaf on the base
The Heilziest, the Real Betonie, Betonica officinalis or Stachys betonica 05.jpg
Square stem with short-stalked, cross-opposed leaves


Real betony ( betonica officinalis )
White flowering betony

Generative characteristics

The inflorescence is composed of loosely standing pseudo whorls to form pseudo spikes . The whorl-like partial inflorescences each consist of about ten flowers . There are five to ten sessile, foliage-like bracts available.

Red flowering concrete

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are 5 to 7 mm long, hairy and often purple in their upper part and have insignificantly emphasized nerves. The bell-shaped, five-toothed chalice is two-lipped with a serrated upper and lower lip. The lower lip of the corolla has a large bilobed tip and two small tooth-shaped, often missing side lobes. The upper lip is clearly helmet-shaped, flattering towards the tip. The sepal tube is about 5 mm long. The five petals are 8 to 15 mm long and pink, purple, red to dark pink, rarely white.

The outer purple-brown stamens are initially arranged parallel and turn outwards at the latest by the end of the anthesis . This characteristic distinguishes the Betonie from most of the mint family , but shares this characteristic with species of the genus Ziest . The two-sheeted ovary bears on each carpel only two ovules and decays to four smooth, brown and about 3 mm long part fruits, which are called Klausen.

The flower formula is as follows:

The flowering period extends from June to September.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.

Pink-colored flowers on long pseudo whorls can be found in the typical shape of the steppes and warm deciduous forest locations

Chemotaxonomic Characteristics

Betonica officinalis contains polyphenols such as bitter and tannins , as well as stachydrin , betonicin , turicin , choline and other alkaloids from the betaine family . The content of essential oils is low. This low content of essential oils is therefore not assigned any pharmacological effect. In relation to the current state of pharmaceutical knowledge on the species, the evaluation of the ingredients and their effect on the human body is decisive.

The entirety of the pharmaceutically relevant plant ingredients are:

ecology

The rust-colored thick-headed butterfly ( Ochlodes sylvanus ) uses plants such as the Heilziest as a seat to defend its territory. There he can fortify himself with the nectar of the healing zest.

The flowers are nectar-bearing, pre-male lip flowers; they are pollinated by bees (especially bumblebees ), butterflies and hover flies; spontaneous self-pollination is also possible towards the end of the flowering period . Seed spreading takes place as a wind spreader (also animal spreader). Alternately dry litter meadows with real betony are habitats of the Heilziest thick-headed butterfly, whose host plant is real betony. The Heilziest thick-headed butterfly is known in Germany only from three regional occurrences in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.

The spread is endochoric , epizoochoric or anemochoric .

Occurrence and plant sociology

The family circle around the real Betonie (including Betonica alopecuros ) mostly develops in the higher montane level of the submeridional mountains from the western Mediterranean area to the Tienschan ( Betonica betoniciflora ) with a center in the Caucasus ( Betonica longifolia , Betonica nivea ).

The species Betonica officinalis , which is divided into different races , is the only one to colonize an extensive area in the temperate zone , which extends from the Atlantic to the Urals (still in Cyrenaica in North Africa). It is mainly found in loose woodlands and semi- arid grassland together with numerous other light-loving plants. The area diagnosis is: (meridional / montane) - sub-Mediterranean / (montane) - temperate (oceanic) in Europe and western Siberia.

In Europe the closed distribution area extends to 58 ° north latitude, further north there are only isolated, inconsistent occurrences. In the northwest it is rare or absent.

The concrete occupies a broad ecological amplitude on its sites. It occurs scattered in bog meadows , lean mountain meadows and heather communities . It prefers moist, base-rich, often lime-poor soils in slightly warmer locations . It also occurs in different types of forest , shrub communities and different stages of degradation of deciduous forests .

In the Südostdinarischen high mountains of Durmitor - and Prokletije -Gebirges found Radomir Lakušić the Heilziest as characteristic species of society pseudoxanthinae Stachydi Festucetum, from the Association Festucion albanicae of the most common südostdinarischen alpine plants order Crepidetalia dinaricae the for temperat westeurasisch common phytosociological vegetation class alpine and subalpine Blue Ried - and nude Ried - Belongs to limestone grasslands (Elyno-Seslerietea).

Furthermore, it occurs in southeastern Europe in xerothermal oriental hornbeam forests on the eastern Adriatic Mediterranean coast, which are often degraded to bushes.

In the montane cultivated meadows of the Balkan Peninsula, it is widespread in moderately moist, nutrient-rich, fatty meadows of the lowlands (arrhenatherion), such as in dry and semi-arid grasslands of the Balkan oak zone . The latter locations of the East Balkan xerophilic dry grasslands in the plant-sociological association Chrysopogoni-Danthonion are already characterized by numerous steppe elements. In Greece , southern Bulgaria and Serbia , concrete can be seen as a constant element of the widespread Balkan oak and oak forests. In the Tatar maple - downy oak steppe Forest of the Danube lowland Hungary , Bessarabia and Bulgaria is the real Betonie frequently. It is also steady in warmth-loving pine forests on serpentinite and dolomite in western Serbia.

In the more humid mountain climate , the concrete found in Central European grasslands of the plant-sociological association Bromo-Plantaginetum on base-rich substrates.

According to Ellenberg , it is a semi-light plant, intermediate-continental distribution, growing on low-nitrogen locations and in Central Europe as in northern Southeast Europe an association character of the pipe grass litter meadows (Molinion).

In the Allgäu Alps, it only rises to an altitude of 900 meters.

Systematics

Betonica officinalis was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .

Betonica officinalis currently belongs to the genus Betonien ( Betonica ) and was assigned (for example as Stachys betonica ) by some authors to the genus of the Zieste ( Stachys ).

As a collective species with numerous subspecies and infraspecific taxa with strongly differentiated morphological features, the exact description of the real betony was a taxonomically difficult matter. In a revision of the European species of the genus Betonica by Marianne Jeker at Elias Landolt at the Geobotanical Institute, Rübel Foundation , University of Zurich , the species group of real betony was identified in 1993 on reference material from all over Europe by means of multivariate and univariate statistical analyzes of characteristic features (in particular Calyx and calyx teeth, vegetative organs, hairiness, shape, characteristics and size of the upper lip of the corolla, length of the flower tube, as well as phenology ) in the species Betonica officinalis s. str., Betonica haussknechtii , Betonica serotina and Betonica stricta . These form with Betonica alopecuros s. l., Betonica scardica , Betonica hirsuta and Betonica grandiflora are close relatives, which was also confirmed by cross-breeding attempts. On the phytochemical level, the genus showed itself to be uniform, which Jeker attributed in 1993 to a recent radiation of the clan. According to research results from 1989, the genus Betonica differs phytochemically, however, clearly from Stachys , which has further confirmed its separation from it.

It is divided into the following subspecies, some of which under the generic name Betonica do not yet have a valid name at the subspecies level:

  • Betonica officinalis var. Algeriensis (de Noé) Ball (Syn .: Stachys officinalis subsp. Algeriensis (de Noé) Franco ), is widespread on the Iberian Peninsula and in northwest Africa.
  • Betonica officinalis subsp. haussknechtii Nyman (Syn .: Betonica haussknechtii (Nyman) Uechter ex Hausskn. , Stachys officinalis subsp. haussknechtii (Nyman) Greuter & Burdet ), occurs as a white-flowering subspecies in central Greece, southeast Bulgaria and Turkey.
  • Betonica officinalis L. subsp. officinalis (Syn .: Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev. , Stachys betonica Benth. , Stachys bulgarica (Degen & Nejceff) Hayek , Betonica glabriflora Borbás , Betonica peraucta Klokov , Betonica brachyodonta Klokov , Betonica fusca Klokov ), comes in Europe to Caucasus before.
  • Betonica officinalis L. subsp. peredae (M.Laínz) Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Rodr.Berd. & Ó.Sánchez (Syn .: Stachys officinalis . (L.) Trevis . Subsp peredae M.Laínz ): This only in 2014 here asked subspecies occurs in Spain. According to R. Govaerts, it is part of Betonica officinalis subsp. officinalis .
  • Late Betonie ( Betonica officinalis var. Serotina (host) Nyman ; Syn .: Stachys officinalis . Subsp serotina (Host) Hayek , Betonica serotina host ) is used in Italy and in the northwest of the Balkan peninsula. It has pink flowers with significantly narrower leaf segments.
  • Stachys officinalis subsp. skipetarum Jáv. , is endemic to Albania .
  • Betonica officinalis subsp. velebitica (A.Kern.) Nyman (Syn .: Stachys officinalis subsp. velebitica (A.Kern.) Hayek , Betonica velebitica A.Kern. ), occurs only in the northwest of the Balkan Peninsula.

More recent investigations with molecular genetic investigation methods are not considered in this article.

etymology

Various German trivial names are used for the species Betonica officinalis : Echte Betonie, Braune Betonie, Bethonie, Batunge, Zehrkraut, Heilziest or Fleablume. A brown concrete was distinguished from a white concrete. The White Betonie was as cowslip interpreted. The Latin species name Betonica is derived from the Spanish tribe of the Vettonians , who, according to Pliny, used the plant as a medicine for the first time. The popular names are often derived from the name Betonica. Old High German (700–1050) bathenia, pandonia, patönig, Middle High German (1050–1350) betonick, bathonie, bethonie, batōnje and new high German (1650 to the present) Batunge, Batenge.

In the Slavic countries of the Balkans, the common names of the betony refer to its wound healing power: ranilist (Serbian, Croatian wound leaf), navadni čistec (Slovenian wound healer) or ranjenik (injured person). In the Anglo-Saxon countries, the real betony was called St. Antony's Tea (tea of ​​St. Anthony) in the Middle Ages .

history

Medicinal plant of antiquity and the Middle Ages

Since the prominent mention of the Real Betonie as a medicinal plant in De Materia Medica by Dioscorides these 1,800 years had great historical significance as Phytopharmakon.

“The kestron, which is also called the psychotrophone because it is found in the coldest regions and which the Romans call Vettonica, is an herb with a thin, square stem about the height of a cubit or larger. The leaves are large, soft, similar to those of oak, incised on the edge, fragrant, but larger at the roots. "

- Dioscurides : De materia medica . Fourth book, chap. 1

Their widespread use in antiquity and in the Middle Ages is proven by the frequent representation in classic medical and herbal books.

In the European Middle Ages the real betony is mentioned in the plant lists of the imperial gardens of Charlemagne in 812. As a valued medicinal plant, it had a regular place in every monastery and apothecary garden or was planted around churches. The betony was also very popular as an amulet herb and was worn around the wrist or neck with red wool. This magical application should also protect against witchcraft, among other things. In the Anglo-Saxon culture, the Betonie had next to Real vervain the greatest appreciation as a protection against witchcraft.

This high position is also shown by an English poem from the 14th century (approx. 1400. A treatise in rhyme on the virtues of herbs. ), Which stylistically was based on older Latin models, where the real betony comes first among the 24 herbs sung about :

"Of erbs xxiiij I woll you tell by and by
Als I fond wryten in a boke at I in boroyng toke
Of a gret ladys preste of gret name she barest
At Betony I wol begyn at many vertuos het within."

In the 20th century, it probably disappeared from the treasure trove of medicines, as was the case with current medical practice, due to the excessive number of indications that have been handed down. However, new studies prove the plausibility of traditional indications based on the actual ingredients, for which, according to current pharmaceutical knowledge, the traditional, broad historical medicinal use can also be proven. This includes in particular indications in connection with diseases of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and as an analgesic for pain. In folk medicine, however, betony has still been able to maintain its firm place.

Betony in “Herb Books” - 1st to 16th centuries - selection

Greco-Roman antiquity

Betony (Vettonica) . Pseudo-Musa manuscript . Leiden 6th century

Late antiquity

  • Pseudo-musa . De herba vettonica liber. The text was written in the 4th century. The oldest surviving manuscript dates from the 6th century and is kept in Leiden.

The treatise De herba vettonica liber is a monograph on Betonica with a wrong attribution to Antonius Musa , the personal physician of the Roman emperor Augustus . It was handed down together with other treatises in the Pseudo Apuleius Codices .

Arab Middle Ages

Betony was not mentioned in the following important works on drug studies in Arabic medicine in the Middle Ages :

The Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya - Large compilation of the powers of the well-known simple healing foods and foods of Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, quoted in the chapter on the Betonie Dioscurides, Pliny and Galen, but not Arab authors. The chapter Kestron - Betonie was handed down in Arabic translations of the treatise De materia medica by Dioscurides .

Illustration of the concrete. Left: Gart der Gesundheit 1485. Right: Leonhart Fuchs 1543. Further historical images:

Latin Middle Ages

Church Slavonic Middle Ages 15th century

  • Hilandar's medical code , probably 15th century, chapter sheet 30b. A code based on Byzantine treatises as well as translations of Latin codes of the schools of Salerno and Montpellier in Church Slavonic script by the Serbian editors of the Hilandar monastery . As Бѣтоника.

Early modern times - 16th century

Aroma and dye plant

Applied uses were found in flavoring wine and Guinness ale . The combination with wine was described for the first time with Pliny the Elder. John Gerard , an Elizabethan herbalist, published recipes for making ale with herbs, including real betonia. Such beers, brewed with Real Betonie, also had a medical background and were marketed under the name Old Doctor Butler's Head until the 18th century , a term that has survived to this day in the name of a historic London pub.

The cultural-historical significance of the real betony has been preserved in various expressions. In Italy, a proverb says Vende la tunica e compra la Betonia (“Sell your coat and buy betonia”), and a special person is praised with the words Ha più virtù che Bettonica (“He has more talents than betony”).

Dried beton leaf powder is a component of snuff such as Rowley's British Herb Snuff, which was once well known for headaches . In the Alpine region, dried concrete leaf is smoked, it is supposed to have a constructive function.

In the wool dyeing factory, dried real concrete gave the textiles a deep, dark yellow color. Of the diverse uses, the one as a bee pasture in particular has been preserved to this day. The real betony is one of the abundant bees and is flown a lot.

swell

literature

  • Marianne Jeker: Taxonomic and phytochemical investigations in the genus Betonica L. (= Diss. ETH. Volume 10312). Dissertation, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich 1993 abstract. Digitized
  • Andreas Kleinsteuber: Lamiaceae, Labiatae. In: Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 5 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Buddlejaceae to Caprifoliaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 , 10. Betonica L. 1753 , p. 179 .
  • Michael Verhoeven: Stachys officinalis - A great medicinal plant of traditional European medicine. Their historical status and their current evaluation. Dissertation at the Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg 2011, digitized
  • Ivo Horvat, Vjekoslav Glavač, Heinz Ellenberg: Vegetation of Southeast Europe (= Geobotanica selecta. Volume 4). Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1974, ISBN 3-437-30168-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Čedomil Šilić: Šumske zeljaste biljke (= Priroda Jugoslavije. Volume 2.) Svjetlost, Sarajevo 1987, ISBN 86-01-00638-8 , p. 144.
  2. ↑ Karel Dušek, Elena Dušková, Kateřina Smékalová: Variability of Morphological Characteristic and Content of Active Substances in Betonica officinalis L. in the Czech Republic. In: Agriculture (Poľnohospodárstvo). Volume 55, No. 2, 2009, pp. 102-110 ( PDF file ).
  3. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  808 .
  4. ^ A b Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen. Interactive flora of Germany. Seeing - determining - knowing. The key to the flora . CD-ROM, version 2.0. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-494-01368-3 .
  5. ↑ Carcharodus flocciferus (Heilziest-Dickkopffalter) (Zeller, 1847)
  6. ↑ a b Hermann Meusel, Eckehart Jäger, Stephan Rauschert, Erich Weinert: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora. Volume 2, text, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1978, p. 105.
  7. ^ Hermann Meusel, Eckehart Jäger, Stephan Rauschert, Erich Weinert: Comparative chorology of the Central European flora. Volume 2, text, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1978, p. 222.
  8. ↑ Radomir Lakušić 1970: The Vegetation of the Southeast Dinarides . Vegetatio, Vol 21 (4), 321-373
  9. ↑ Sulejman Redžić 2003 . The Syntaxonomy and Syngenesis of the Elyno-Seslerietea Br Bl in the Balkan Peninsula. . Annali di Botanica, 2003, 4, 53-74. P. 61 (PDF)
  10. ↑ Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 388
  11. ↑ Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 167
  12. ↑ Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 268
  13. ↑ Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 263
  14. ↑ Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 235
  15. ↑ Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 284
  16. ↑ a b Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 456
  17. ↑ Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (=  UTB for science. Large series . Volume 8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 .
  18. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 808 (as Stachys officinalis ).
  19. ↑ Horvat, Glavač, Ellenberg 1974, p. 402
  20. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 399.
  21. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 573, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D573%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  22. ↑ Marianne Jeker 1993: Taxonomic and phytochemical investigations in the genus Betonica L. PDF
  23. ↑ Marianne Jeker, Otto Sticher, İhsan Çaliş, Peter Rüedi 1989: Allobetonicoside and 6-O-Acetylmioporoside: Two new iridoid glycosides from Betonica officinalis L. Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 72, Issue 8, 1787–1791, 13 December 1989 doi : 10.1002 / hlca.19890720814
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Betonica officinalis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  25. ^ Claus Baden: Stachys. In: Arne Strid, Kit Tan (Ed.): Mountain Flora of Greece. Volume Two . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1991, ISBN 0-7486-0207-0 , pp. 99–100 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  26. ↑ http://www.biowin.at/all/Pflanzen/bilder/lamiales/lamiaceae/Betonica/Betonica%20officinalis%20serotina/Betonica%20officinalis%20serotina.htm
  27. ↑ Yasaman Salmaki, Shahin Zarre, Olof Ryding, Charlotte Lindqvist, Christian Bräuchler, Günther Heubl, Janet Barber, Mika Bendiksby: Molecular phylogeny of tribe Stachydeae (Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 69, No. 3, 2013, 535-551, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.07.024 .
  28. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names . 3. completely revised and exp. Aufl. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , pp. 99 (reprinted 1996).
  29. ↑ Pliny the Elder . Naturalis historia . Book XXV, § 84.
  30. ↑ Verhoeven 2011, p. 17
  31. ↑ The Cloisters - Mary's US Botanical Garden ( Memento of the original from September 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / campus.udayton.edu
  32. ↑ Michael Verhoeven: Stachys officinalis - A great medicinal plant of traditional European medicine. Their historical status and their current evaluation. Dissertation at the Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg. Wuerzburg 2011.
  33. ↑ Verhoeven 2011, p. 61
  34. ↑ a b Verhoeven 2011, p. 191
  35. ↑ Eleanour Sinclair Rohde: The Old English Herbals. (on-line).
  36. ↑ Verhoeven 2011, p. 35
  37. ↑ Verhoeven 2011, p. 193
  38. ↑ Verhoeven 2011, p. 185
  39. ↑ Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902. (digitized version)
  40. ^ In: CG Kühn, Leipzig 1826, Volume XII, p. 23. (digitized version)
  41. ^ Gabriel Humelberger. Ant. Mvsae. De herba vetonica… Zurich 1537. (digitized version )
  42. ↑ pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, pp. 342-387. (Digitized version)
  43. ^ Print in Latin translation. Johann Schott. Strasbourg 1531. (digitized version)
  44. ^ Translated by Andrea Alpago (1450-1521) by Gerhard von Cremona and Arnaldus de Villanova . Venice 1555. (digitized version)
  45. ^ Translation: Joseph Sontheimer. Volume II, Stuttgart 1842. (digitized version)
  46. ↑ Warrior and Doctor with the Kestron Plant (illustration on recto; text on verso). Sheet from a manuscript of De materia medica des Dioscurides, probably Baghdad 1224
  47. ^ Print Venice 1497. (digitized version )
  48. ↑ Betonie in the Vienna Dioscurides , 6th century ( picture link )
  49. ↑ Betonie in an Arabic translation of the treatise De materia medica by Dioscurides . Probably Baghdad 1224 ( picture link )
  50. ↑ Betonie in a pseudo-Musa manuscript . Leiden 6th century ( picture link )
  51. ↑ Betonie in a pseudo-Musa manuscript . Kassel, 9th century ( picture link )
  52. ↑ Betonien in Herbarius moguntinus . Mainz 1484 ( picture link )
  53. ↑ Betonica in the Hortus sanitatis . Mainz 1491 ( picture link )
  54. ↑ Phytopharmacology of Betonie (as Бѣтоника) in Hilandar's Medical Codex , copy of the 16th century ( image link )
  55. ↑ Betonie in Hieronymus Bock's book of herbs , edition 1546 ( picture link )
  56. ↑ Ludwig Choulant . Macer floridus des virtutibus herbarum una cum Walafridi Strabonis… Carminibus… Leipzig 1832. (digitized version )
  57. ↑ Ludwig Choulant . Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832. (digitized version)
  58. ^ Print Venice 1497. (digitized version )
  59. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Migne, Paris 1855. (digitized version)
  60. ↑ Heidelberg. Cpg 620. Southwest Germany 15th century, Alemannic. (Digitized version)
  61. ↑ edition. Franz Pfeiffer . Konrad von Megenberg. Book of nature. Stuttgart 1861, V / 12. (digitized version)
  62. ↑ Heidelberg. Cpg 666.Southwest Germany 1478. (digitized version)
  63. ↑ pressure. Augsburg 1481. (digitized version )
  64. ↑ Munich. Clm 5905. (digitized version )
  65. ^ Print Mainz 1584. (digitized version)
  66. ^ Print Mainz 1485. (digitized version)
  67. ^ Print Mainz 1491. (digitized version )
  68. ^ Print Strasbourg 1500. (digitized version)
  69. ↑ Le code Medical de Chilandar, N. 517 / Vol. 2. Translation from Serbian-Slavonian by Ljubomir Kotarčić & Mladen Milivojević. Vaso Milincević (ed.), Narodna Biblioteka Srbije, Belgrad 1989. Text is included as a facsimile. Here on Betonica officinalis p. 114
  70. ^ Printed in Strasbourg 1532. (digitized version)
  71. ^ Printed in Strasbourg 1539. (digitized version)
  72. ↑ Printed in Basel 1543. (digitized version)
  73. ↑ http://zythophile.wordpress.com/page/2/
  74. ^ William Thomas Fernie: Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure online.
  75. ↑ Andrea Lamprecht 2012: "Bergkrauttee und Maiwipferlsirup." The use and importance of wild plants in regions of the Styrian Limestone Alps: an ethnobotanical study . University of Vienna, p. 54 PDF
  76. ↑ George Don 1838: A General History of the Dichlamydeous plants , London, p. 824 [1]

Web links

Commons : Echte Betonie ( Betonica officinalis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Real Betonie  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations