Zoochory

Fruits of Martynia annua ( Pedaliaceae ). The barbs serve epizoochorer spread

Zoochory (from Greek ζῶον zōon , German “living being, animal” and χωρεῖν chōreín , German “moving forward, wandering” ) is the spread of diaspores (e.g. seeds ) of different plants by animals ( animal spread ). It is one of the forms of propagation mechanisms in plants . A distinction is made between endozoochory (diaspores are eaten and excreted again) and epizoochory (diaspores adhere to the body surface).

The usual scientific classification of the zoochoric spread of diaspores is as follows:

• Ichthyochory , the spread through fish
• Saurochory , the spread by reptiles
• Mammaliochoria , the spread by mammals.
  • One form of this is chiropterochory , which is spread by bats ( bats and fruit bats )
• Entomochory , the spread of insects
  • Myrmecochory , the spread of ants
• Ornithochory , the spread of birds
• Endochoria , the so-called digestive spread by animals, e.g. B. eating fruit and excreting the indigestible seeds later
  • Coprochory , the secondary seed dispersal by beetles (diplozoochory).
• Synzoochory , spread through ingestion and displacement by animals without the semen itself being consumed, usually in the form of:
  • Stomatochorie or Stomatozoochorie (mouth movements), spread by recording the diaspore in the mouth and later spitting or dropping the cores
  • Dyszoochory , part of the diaspores is consumed by the spreading species, while another part is "forgotten" in the depots.
• Dysochoria , the random spread
  • Spread of hiding place through stock keeping ( hamsters , squirrels , dormice , field mouse , acorn and pine jays )
  • Processing spread (rhipsozoochory)
  • Spread during nest building
  • Animal litter (Ballepizoochorie) by passing animals, see also Animal Ballists (Zooballochorie)
  • Epichory , the spread through attachment: Velcro, sticky, etc. a.
    • Eriochory, skin attachment
    • Euepizoochorie, Velcro hook
    • Kollepizoochorie, sticky
    • Hydroepizoochory, diaspores adhere with the help of a water film

When two different animal species are involved in seed dispersal one after the other, this is called (diplozoochory).

A form of zoochory that has only appeared since the most recent geological past is anthropochoric , the spread of plants by humans.

literature

• Angelika Lüttig & Juliane Kasten: Rose hip & Co - flowers, fruits and spread of European plants. Fauna Verlag, Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-93-598090-6 .
• A. Bresinsky: Ingredients, development history and structure of the elaiosomes in relation to their ecology. Dissertation Munich 1960, construction, development history and constituents of the elaiosomes. Studies on the myrmecochore distribution of seeds and fruits. In: Bibliotheca Botanica. No. 126: 1963, 1-54; Stuttgart.
• H. Brücher: Tropical useful plants. Origin, Evolution and Domestication. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1977, ISBN 978-3-662-13238-8 .
• R. Buckley & H. Harries: Self-sown wild-type coconuts from Australia. In: Bio-tropica. 16 (2): 1984, 148-151.
• IH Burkill: A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. I (A-H), Vol. II (I-Z), 2444 pp., Governments of Malaysia and Singapore, Kuala Lumpur 1966.
• C. Clusius : Exoticorum libri decem. Antwerp 1605.
• Y. Coineau & B. Kresling: Les inventions de la nature et la bionique. Paris (Mus. National d`Histoire Naturelle) 1987, ISBN 978-2-01-011691-9 .
• EJH Corner: The Life of Plants. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1964; The seeds of dicotyledons. Vol. 1., University Press, Cambridge etc. 1976.
• FC Czygan: Harpagophytum - Devil's Claw. In: Zeitschr. f. Phytotherapy. 8: 1987, 17-20; Stuttgart.
• K. Dobat (in preparation): Fruit and seed dispersal by bats and flying foxes (chiropterochory).
• I. Esdorn & H. Pirson: The useful plants of the tropics and subtropics in the world economy. 2nd edition, Fischer, Stuttgart 1973.
• G. Gottsberger: Seed Dispersal by Fish in the Inundated Regions of Humaita, Amazonia. In: Biotropica. 10 (3): 1978, 170-183.
• AM Greenhall: Sapucaia nut dispersal by greater spear-nosed bats in Trinidad. In: Caribbean J. Sci. 5 (3 & 4): 1965, 167-171; Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
• WM Gruezo & HC Harries: Self-sown, wild-type coconuts in the Philippines. In: Biotropica. 16 (2): 1984, 140-147, doi : 10.2307 / 2387846 .
• CR Gunn & JV Dennis: World Guide to Tropical Drift Seeds and Fruits. New York Times Book Co., New York 1976, ISBN 978-0-8129-0616-5 .
• H. von Guttenberger: Movement tissue and organs of perception. 2nd edition, Borntraeger, Berlin & Stuttgart 1971, ISBN 978-3-443-14004-5 .
• I. Hagemann & FF Steininger (Ed.): Everything that flies - in nature, technology and art. Kleine Senckenberg series No. 23, Palmengarten special issue No. 24: 1–138, Frankfurt / Main 1996.
• U. Hecker: Spread of wind in trees. In. Mitt. German Dendrol. Ges. 72: 1981, 73-92; Stuttgart.
• G. Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe. V. vol., 1st part, Munich 1925.
• E. Huth: The Klett plants with special consideration of their distribution by animals. In: Bibliotheca Botanica. Issue 9: 1887, 1-34; Cassel.
• H.-D. Ihlenfeldt & H. Straka: About the morphology and development history of the fruits of Uncarina (Baill.) Stapf (Pedaliaceae). In. Z. Bot. 50 (2): 1962, 154-168.
• R. Jaspersen-Schib: Exotic necklaces made from toxic seeds and fruits. In: Switzerland. Apoth. Ztg. 114, No. 17: 1976, 391-393.
• A. Kerner von Marilaun : Plant life. 2nd volume; Leipzig & Vienna (Bibliographical Institute) 1891.
• G. Kunkel: The Canary Islands and their flora. 2nd ed., Fischer, Stuttgart & New York 1987, ISBN 978-3-437-20376-3 .
• W. Lötschert: Palms. - Stuttgart (Ulmer) 1985.
• V. Mayer: Sink rate using the example of the genus Scabiosa (Dipsaceceae). - pp. 118-123; In: I. Hagemann & FF Steininger (Ed.): Everything that flies - in nature, technology and art. Kleine Senckenberg series No. 23, Palmengarten special issue No. 24; Frankfurt / Main 1996.
• JC MacCurrach: Palms of the World. Reprint by Horticultural Books Inc., Stuart / Florida 1977, ISBN 0-9600046-0-2 .
• O. Mohnike : Glimpses of the plant and animal life in the Dutch Malay countries. 694 pp., Münster 1883.
• P. Müller-Schneider: Distribution biology (diasporology) of the flowering plants. Publications Geobot. Inst. Eidgen. Technical University, Rübel Foundation, in Zurich, No. 61: 1977, 1–226, 2nd edition, Zurich.
• E. Palmer: A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa. Collins, London & Johannesburg 1977, ISBN 978-00-02-19339-9 .
• W. Rauh : Bromeliads. Vol. 1: The Tillandsioideen. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1970.
• W. Rauh, W. Barthlott & N. Ehler: Morphology and function of the testa of dust-like flying seeds. In: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 96: 1975, 353-374.
• HN Ridley: The dispersal of plants throughout the world. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd., Ashford / Kent 1930, archive.org .
• H.-J. Close: Coco de Mer - the romantic story of a palm tree. In. Nature and museum. 102 (8): 1972, 281-291, Frankfurt / Main.
• R. Schröder: Coffee, tea and cardamom. Tropical luxury foods and spices. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 978-3-8001-2143-4 .
• R. Sernander: Draft of a monograph of the European Myrmecochores. In: Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 41, No. 7: 1906, 1-410, Upsala; On the morphology and biology of the diaspores. In: Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsalien-sis. Volume extra ordinem editum, 1927: 1-104; Upsala.
• T. Smitinand, T. Santisuk & C. Phengklai: The Manual of Dipterocarpa-ceae of Mainland South-East Asia. In: Thai Forest Bull. 12: 1980, 1-110, Bangkok.
• CHR. K. Sprengel : The discovered secret of nature in the structure and fertilization of flowers. Berlin 1793, (Reprint 1962 published by J. Cramer / Studium).
• E. Steel: strychnine in Indian and African jewelry chains. A warning to the population. In: Pharmazeutische Ztg. No. 30: 1972, 1107-1111.
• E. Ulbrich : Biology of Fruits and Seeds ‹Karpobiology›. Biological Study Books VI, Julius Springer, Berlin 1928, 1–230; German myrmecochores. Observations on the distribution of native plants by ants. In: Repertory spec. nov. regni vegetab. Supplements Vol. CXVII: 1-60, Dahlem 1939.
• L. Van der Pijl : Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. 3rd Edition, Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1982.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Dr. Klaus Dobat: About swimmers and fliers ...., fruit & seed dispersal. Part 3, in the Horticultural-Botanical Letter No. 133 , 1998, of the Working Group for the Technical Director of Botanical Gardens, accessed in June 2016
2. ↑ Ecology. Vol. XIV, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1933, p. 226, archive.org .
3. ↑ All literature references except the first (A.Lüttig & J.Kasten) from: Dr. Klaus Dobat, "Of swimmers and fliers ...., fruit and seed dispersal, part 3" in the Horticultural-Botanical Letter No. 133 , 1998, of the Working Group of the Technical Director of Botanical Gardens, accessed in June 2016