Male orchid

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Male orchid
Male orchid (Orchis mascula subsp. Mascula) on Öland

Male orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Mascula ) on Öland

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Orchidoideae
Tribe : Orchideae
Sub tribus : Orchidinae
Genre : Orchids ( orchis )
Type : Male orchid
Scientific name
Orchis mascula
L.

The purple orchid ( orchis mascula ), even early purple orchid , Manns orchid and Kuckucks orchid and Stendelwurz called, is a species of the genus orchids ( orchis ) within the family of orchid (Orchidaceae).

description

illustration

Habit and leaves

The male orchid is a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of growth of up to 70 centimeters (the stem 15–50 centimeters, the cylindrical inflorescence 12-20 centimeters). The leaves arranged in a basal rosette are ovate-lanceolate and can be unspotted, speckled or purple-red.

Section of the inflorescence

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period extends from late April to early June. Some flowers stand together in an inflorescence . The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. When the flowers are fully open, the lateral sepals are upright and turned outwards. The middle sepal forms a helmet with the petals . The shape of the lips is variable: clearly or only vaguely three-lobed. The base is lighter with darker points and the lip edge is mostly fringed. The flower color ranges from light purple to purple, from light purple to purple red; Albinos are rare but occur regularly.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 42.

ecology

The flowers are almost odorless and no nectar is produced. In terms of ecology, it is a flower of deception . The main pollinators are bumblebees ; spontaneous self-pollination is also possible.

The fruit set varies between 22.9% and 47.8%.

Orchis mascula , growing in formation in poor grasslands

Occurrence and endangerment

The distribution area extends from Northern Europe and Central Europe to Iran and includes Macaronesia . There are sub-areas in Europe and North Africa . Male marsh orchid is still widespread in Switzerland and only rare in areas with intensive agriculture. It is also widespread in Germany , but very rare in Brandenburg and beyond. Only a few locations are known between southern Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein . It is more common in the Baltic Sea region, e.g. B. also on the Swedish island of Öland . Orchis mascula is abundant in Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse . The two subspecies Orchis mascula subsp. mascula and Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa that can coexist in the same location. Almost no locations in Bavaria south of the Danube , more frequent in the foothills of the Alps . In Baden-Württemberg only rarely in Upper Swabia.

The male marsh orchid colonizes very different locations: open forests, poor grasslands , mountain meadows, more rarely in wet meadows. It thrives on calcareous to calcareous soils . It occurs mostly in societies of the associations Mesobromion or Seslerion, in lower altitudes also in the Carici-Fagetum or in societies of the associations Carpinion or Quercion pubescentis, in montane layers also in arrhenatheretes. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 6–1900 meters, France 1–2650 meters, Switzerland 260–2650 meters, Liechtenstein 430–1900 meters, Austria 275–2100 meters, Italy 10–2450 meters, Slovenia 50-1350 meters. In Europe the species rises up to 2650 meters above sea level, in Iran up to 2900 meters above sea level.

Due to the ability to colonize different locations, the male orchid is not all that rare. It was selected as the orchid of the year 2009 by the local orchids working groups (AHO) .

Spanish orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Laxifloriformis )
Pine forest orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Pinetorum )
Magnificent orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Speciosa )

Systematics

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Orchis mascula subsp. mascula : It occurs in Europe, also from the Mediterranean area to Iran and the Canary Islands.
  • Sardinian orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Ichnusae Corrias ): It occurs in Corsica and Sardinia at altitudes between 300 and 1300 meters above sea level.
  • Spanish orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Laxifloriformis Rivas Goday & B.Rodr. , Syn .: Orchis langei Lange ex K.Richt. ): It comes from the French and Spanish Pyrenees to Portugal and Morocco before in altitudes between 500 and 1500 meters Sea level.
  • Madeira orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Scopulorum (Summerh.) H.Sund. Ex H.Kretzschmar, Eccarius & H.Dietr. , Syn .: Orchis scopulorum Summerh. ): It occurs in the eastern part of Madeira at altitudes between 800 and 1800 meters above sea level.
  • Magnificent orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Speciosa (Mutel) Hegi , Syn .: Orchis signifera Vest , Orchis mascula subsp. Signifera (Vest) Soó , Orchis speciosa Host ): It occurs in the European mountains and in Algeria. The magnificent orchid was and is often not from Orchis mascula subsp. mascula differentiated. In the north of Germany, Orchis mascula subsp. mascula common, in southern Germany especially in the Alpine region the magnificent orchid. In between is a very wide transition zone, where the plants combine characteristics of both subspecies. In the Alps all occurrences are likely to belong to the magnificent orchid. In the Allgäu Alps it rises in Bavaria on Gemstelkoblach against the Geißhorn up to 2,060 meters above sea level. This subspecies occurs in the entire range between 100 and 2600 meters above sea level.

Further subspecies are:

  • Long-spurred male orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Longicalcarata Akhalk., H.Baumann, R.Lorenz, Mosul. & Ruedi Peter ): It occurs in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq and Iran at altitudes between 100 and 2900 meters.
  • North African orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Maghrebiana B. Baumann & H.Baumann ): It occurs in Morocco and Algeria at altitudes between 1,300 and 1,800 meters above sea level.
  • Southern French orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Olbiensis (Reut. Ex Gren.) Asch. & Graebn. , Syn .: Orchis olbiensis Reut. Ex Gren. ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain, on the southern French coast, in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia at altitudes between 0 and 2000 meters above sea level.
  • Pine forest orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Pinetorum (Boiss. & Kotschy) EGCamus ): It occurs in Turkey at altitudes between 0 and 2400 m above sea level.
  • Tender orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Tenera (Landwehr) Del Prete ): It occurs in eastern Spain at altitudes between 950 and 1700 meters above sea level.

literature

  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 .
  • Vagn Jǿrgensen Brǿndegaard, Peter Dilg : Orchids as Aphrodisiaca. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 55, 1971, pp. 22-57, especially pp. 26 and 29.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe : Hieronymus Bock's book of herbs. Scientific historical investigation, with a list of all plants in the work, the literary sources of the medicinal indications and the uses of the plants. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1969, pp. 299-303.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 281.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Orchis mascula. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  4. ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : "Orchidaceae". In Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition Volume 8, page 392. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz: Orchids of Europe with adjacent areas . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006. ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 . Page 224–249.
  6. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 369.

Web links

Commons : Male orchid ( Orchis mascula )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Distribution maps
Regional