Broad-leaved stendola

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Broad-leaved stendola
Broad-leaved stendola (Epipactis helleborine)

Broad-leaved stendola ( Epipactis helleborine )

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Epidendroideae
Tribe : Neottieae
Sub tribus : Limodorinae
Genre : Stendelwurzen ( Epipactis )
Type : Broad-leaved stendola
Scientific name
Epipactis helleborine
( L. ) Crantz
The stigma is clearly visible in the center of the flower, above the adhesive gland and the pollinia protruding from under the anther cap
Fruits of the stendrums

The Epipactis helleborine ( Epipactis helleborine ), and Broad Marsh Helleborine or Broad-sitter called, belongs to the genus of epipactis ( Epipactis ) in the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). The German name Breitblättrige Stendelwurz used today is a literal translation of an earlier synonym for this orchid species ( Epipactis latifolia (L.) All. 1785). This plant species is still largely harmless in its population in Germany. Since the 1970s, however, a decline in the occurrence has been observed. In order to draw attention to this fact, the broad-leaved stendellum ( Epipactis helleborine ) was named Orchid of the Year 2006 by the local orchids working groups (AHOs) .

description

The broad-leaved Stendelwurz is a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of between 20 and 100 centimeters. This geophyte forms a rhizome . The stout stem is bare. At the lower end of the stem are the oval 4 to 10 centimeters wide stem leaves.

It begins to sprout in late May and flowers between late July and late August. Its zygomorphic flowers are white-pink to greenish and have the typical orchid structure. After pollination, often by wasps , capsule fruits develop , which open in August and September, causing the seeds to fall out. The dust-fine seed can be carried very far with the wind.

The chromosome number is 2n = 40. However, the numbers 2n = 36, 38 or 44 also occur.

ecology

The broad-leaved stendrums is a rhizome - geophyte with endotrophic mycorrhiza of the orchid type. The fungal partner is also the mycorrhizal partner of forest trees, and organic substances that originate from the tree can also be detected in the orchid.

The flowers are "orchis-type lip flowers" without a spur. The lower lip consists of 2 joint-like parts, the rear tub-shaped part carries the nectarium. Pollinators , e.g. B. wasps , bees and flies , when they crawl back, attach the sessile pollinium to the head by touching the glue gland , which is then transferred to other flowers. Wasps visit the flowers but do not contribute to pollination because they do not attach themselves to the pollinia. Self-pollination is rare. Flowering time is from July to August.

The fruits are hanging capsules, which open with longitudinal gaps when dry. The capsules release tiny seeds in very large numbers, around 10,000 seeds per fruit. They are blown out by the wind and spread out as granular flyers with a sink rate of 20 cm / s; this means that flight distances of over 10 km can be achieved. Fruit ripening is from August to September.

Vegetative reproduction occurs through branching of the rhizome.

Occurrence and location

This orchid grows in Europe , Asia and North Africa , as a neophyte also in North America .

In the deciduous forests on the young moraine plates of northern Germany, it is the most common orchid. This species often grows on the edges of forests and clearings, as it prefers light to partially shaded habitats. Compared to the lime content of the soil, this plant species is undemanding to a certain extent. It tolerates lime-free soils in rare cases, but in regions with such soils it mainly occurs close to or directly on forest paths with lime gravel. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Schänzle am Schänzlekopf in Bavaria up to 1730 m above sea level. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 5–1400 meters, France 0–2360 meters, Switzerland 300–1860 meters, Liechtenstein 446–1890 meters, Austria 180–1550 meters, Italy 30–2000 meters, Slovenia 50-1,490 meters. In Europe the species rises up to 2360 meters, in Sikkim up to 4000 meters above sea level. The broad-leaved stendellus occurs in societies of the associations Fagion, Carpinion, Alno-Ulmion, and more rarely in those of the Quercion pubescentis.

Systematics

The breadth of variation of the broad-leaved stendellum is considerable. Nevertheless, according to R. Govaerts, the following subspecies and varieties can be distinguished:

  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz (Syn .: Epipactis bithynica Robatsch ): It occurs in Turkey.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz (Syn .: Epipactis degenii Szentp. & Mónus ): It occurs in Greece.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. densifolia (W. Hahn, Passin & R. Weger) Kreutz (Syn .: Epipactis densifolia W. Hahn, Passin & R. Weger ): It occurs in Turkey.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine : It occurs from Europe to China.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. latina W.Rossi & E. Klein : It occurs in Italy and on the northwestern Balkan Peninsula.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. leutei (Robatsch) Kreutz (Syn .: Epipactis leutei (Robatsch) ): It occurs in Austria and the Czech Republic.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. levantina Kreutz, Óvári & Shifman : It occurs in Turkey.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. molochina (P.Delforge) Kreutz (Syn .: Epipactis molochina P.Delforge ): It occurs in Spain.
  • Dutch Stendelwurz ( Epipactis helleborine subsp. Neerlandica (Verm.) Buttler ) (Syn .: Epipactis neerlandica (Verm.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers ): It occurs on the coasts of Western Europe and North-Western Europe.
  • The short-leaved stendellum ( Epipactis distans Arv.-Touv. ) Is also known as the subspecies Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis (K. Richt.) E. Klein (Syn .: Epipactis orbicularis K. Richt. ) or Epipactis helleborine subsp. distans (Arv.-Touv.) R.Engel & P.Quentin . It occurs in Europe.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz (Syn .: Epipactis schubertiorum Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch ): It occurs in southern Italy.
  • Epipactis helleborine var. Tangutica (Schltr.) SCChen & GHZhu (Syn .: Epipactis tangutica Schltr. ): It occurs from Central Asia to Siberia and China.
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (Pau) E. Klein : According to R. Govaerts, it is regarded as a species: Epipactis tremolsii Pau . It occurs in the western and central Mediterranean area.

Common names

For the broad-leaved stendelwurz exist or existed also the other German-language trivial names : Frauenschüle, wild Niesswurz, Sumpfwurz ( Thuringia ), Wiesendel ( Silesia ) and Zywbel ( Aargau ).

swell

  1. ↑ Silvestre, p. 1983. Números 295-300, In Números cromosómicos para la flora española. 257-300. Lagascalia 12: 133-135.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 272 .
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 385.
  4. ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 298. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Epipactis - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on December 17, 2016.
  6. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 140. ( online ).

literature

  • Fritz Füller: Epipactis and Cephalanthera (Orchids of Central Europe, 5th part). 4th edition (unchanged reprint of the 3rd edition from 1986). Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2005 (Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Volume 329), ISBN 3-89432-310-8
  • AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany . Verlag AHO Thuringia, Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Web links

Commons : Breitblättrige Stendelwurz ( Epipactis helleborine )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files