Epidendroideae

Epidendroideae
	Cattleya forbesii
Systematics
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Epidendroideae
Scientific name
	Epidendroideae
	Lindl.

The Epidendroideae are a subfamily of the plant family of orchids (Orchidaceae). With around 18,000 species in 650 genera , it is the largest of the five subfamilies of this plant family. It is distributed worldwide, with its main distribution area in the tropics .

Description and ecology

Illustration of Calopogon multiflorus

The large number of species, the wide distribution area and the most diverse site conditions have resulted in a great variety of forms, so that hardly any features can be found that apply to all species equally.

Vegetative characteristics

As with many types of orchids, they are mostly small, perennial herbaceous plants . The basic pattern of growth is sympodial : The growth of the individual shoot axis is limited, the budding occurs from basal renewal buds. Numerous species - many of which were previously regarded as a separate subfamily Vandoideae - have developed a monopodial growth pattern.

In this subfamily, a large part of the species grows epiphytically , with corresponding adaptations. The roots are usually thick, not very branched and surrounded by a Velamen radicum . The velamen may be absent in terrestrial species. The roots of some mykoheterotrophic species are heavily modified . The shoot axis is usually differentiated into a rhizome and the resulting shoots from several internodes . The shoot axes are often unbranched, they can be not thickened or thickened in various forms to form underground or above-ground storage organs. The leaves are arranged in two rows on the stem and folded in the bud along the central rib. The leaf base includes the stem, between the leaf base and the leaf blade there is often a separating fabric. The leaf blade is simple.

Generative characteristics

The traubigen , ährigen or rispigen inflorescences appear mostly laterally from a leaf axil.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The bracts are usually not grown together. This occurs somewhat more frequently with the two lateral sepals and the lip , which can be fused with one another and with the column at their base . The only fertile stamen is at the end of the column and is bent down opposite the column axis. The pollen is stuck together to form waxy pollinia . These are usually connected with one or two adhesive discs (Viscidium), either directly or via small stalks, which are partly formed from pollen mass (caudiculae), partly from tissue of the column (tegulare stipites). The stamen is only connected to the column by a thin connective tissue and often falls off when the pollinia are removed. The scar is arranged ventrally (with a resupinated flower on the underside of the column) and shaped concave. The middle scar flap usually forms a two- or three-lobed separating tissue (rostellum) between the scar and the stamen.

The capsule fruit contains numerous small seeds. The seeds are mostly thread-shaped or cigar-shaped, rarely winged.

distribution

The representatives of the Epidendroideae are distributed almost worldwide. Exceptions are the tundras , the hot desert areas of North Africa, Arabia, Namibia and Australia and southern, temperate South America. Most genera are restricted to one flora kingdom , there are only a few pantropical genera, such as Bulbophyllum and Polystachya . The greatest diversity is found in the humid tropics, especially on the eastern slopes of the Andes and in Southeast Asia from Malaysia to New Guinea. Most of the tropical Epidendroideae live epiphytically and reach the highest species and individual densities in slightly higher lying cloud forests . The Epidendroideae of Madagascar are endemic to over 80% there .

Systematics

The first to choose the term Epidendroideae to subdivide the orchid family was John Lindley . This group also exists in Reichenbach's , Bentham's , Hooker's and Schlechter's systematics , with only minor differences in terms of content. It was agreed that the groups Apostasioideae , Cypripedioideae and Orchidoideae should be distinguished from the Epidendroideae. A further distinction was made between a group “Neottioideae” and often the “Vandoideae”, the latter also early on as a subgroup of the Epidendroideae.

Dressler's 1993 further development of this system first incorporated part of the Neottioideae into the Epidendroideae, later also the Vandoideae. Difficulties were caused by what he called "primitive" Epidendroideae, which do not show the complex structures of the stamen, which were mainly used for classification. Investigation of molecular genetic characteristics changed this classification and part of these unclearly positioned genera was separated from the Epidendroideae as a separate subfamily Vanilloideae . The Orchidoideae are the sister taxons of the Epidendroideae. In 1993, Dressler gave a three-way division as the inner structure of the subfamily: the group of “primitive” genera, which should not be understood as clade , but rather as a collection of uncertainly positioned taxa; a group he called “cymbidioid” or “possessing tubers” according to their presumed original property; ultimately a group of "epidendroid" or "cane stem" orchids. This classification was not confirmed by studies between 1999 and 2005. According to DNA examinations, only smaller units of earlier classifications, such as sub-tribes and some tribes, are still durable, but not coarse sub-divisions such as "cymbidioid", "epidendroid" or "vandoid".

Cameron et al. published a classification of the Orchidaceae in 1999 with a structure of the subfamily Epidendroideae which was not followed in the 21st century.

Pridgeon et al. name a series of tribes that show characteristics that also occur in other subfamilies of orchids, and which are therefore considered "primitive" or "original". They have no firmly connected pollinia, no separating tissue on the leaf base and no velamen. This subheading includes Neottieae, Nervilieae, Triphoreae, Tropidieae and Xerorchideae. Similar characteristics are found in the Sobralieae. The position of the morphologically strongly reduced Gastrodieae is unclear.

The family relationships of the Triben according to van den Berg et al. 2005:

Epidendreae

	Maxillarieae

	Vandeae

	Collabieae

	Podochileae

Calypsoeae

Arethuseae

Dendrobieae

Malaxideae

The tribes of the subfamily Epidendroideae (status 2014):

Arethuseae Lindl. : It contains two subtrees:
- Subtribe Arethusinae
- Subtribe Coelogyninae
Calypsoeae Dressler
Collabieae Pfitzer
Cymbidieae Pfitzer
Dendrobieae Lindl. ex Endl. : It contains only two genera with about 3650 species:
- Bulbophyllum Thouars nom. cons. (Syn .: Bolbophyllum Spreng. Orth. Var., Phyllorkis Thouars nom. Rej., Acrochaene Lindl. , Adelopetalum Fitzg. , Anisopetalon Hook. , Blepharochilum M.A. Clem. & DLJones , Bolbophyllaria Rchb. F. , Bulbophyllaria S.Moore orth. var., Bolbophyllopsis Rchb. f. , Canacorchis Guillaumin , Chaseella Summerh. , Carparomorchis M.A. Clem . & DLJones , Cirrhopetalum Lindl. nom. cons., Cochlia Blume , Codonosiphon Schltr. , Dactylorhynchus Schltr. , Didactyle Lindl. , Drymoda Lindl. , Drymoda Lindl. , Drymoda Lindl. , Diphyes flower , Epicranthes flower , Epicrianthes flower orth. Var., Ephippium flower , Ferruminaria Garay, Hamer & Siegerist , Fruticicola (Schltr.) MAClem. & DLJones , Genyorchis Schltr. Nom. Cons., Hamularia Aver. & Averyanova , Hapalochilus (Schltr.) .) Senghas , Henosis Hook.f. , Hippoglossum Breda nom. Illeg., Hordeanthos Szlach. , Hyalosema Rolfe , Ichthyostomum D.L.Jones, MAClem. & Molloy , Ione Lindl. , Jejosephia A.N. Rao & Mani , Katherinea A.D.Hawkes , Kaurorchis DLJones & MAClem. , Lepanthanthe (Schltr.) Szlach . , Lyraea Lindl. , Macrolepis A. Rich. , Malachadenia Lindl. , Mastigion Garay, Hamer & Siegerist , Megaclinium Lindl. , Monomeria Lindl. , Monosepalum Schltr. , Odontostylis flower nom. superflat., Odontostylis Breda nom. illeg., Oncophyllum D.L. Jones & MAClem. , Osyricera flower , Oxysepala Wight , Pachyrhachis A.Rich. , Papulipetalum (Schltr.) MAClem. & DLJones , Pedilochilus Schltr. , Pelma Finet , Peltopus (Schltr.) Szlach. & Marg. , Rhytionanthos Garay, Hamer & Siegerist , Saccoglossum Schltr. , Serpenticaulis M.A. Clem. & DLJones , Sarcobodium Beer , Sarcopodium Lindl. & Paxton nom. illeg., Sestochilos Breda , Spilorchis D.L. Jones & MAClem. , Sunipia Lindl. , Synarmosepalum Garay, Hamer & Siegerist , Tapeinoglossum Schltr. , Taurostalix Rchb. f. , Trachyrhachis (Schltr.) Szlach. , Trias Lindl. , Tribrachia Lindl. , Tripudianthes (Seidenf.) Szlach. & Kras , Vesicisepalum (JJSm.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist , Xiphizusa Rchb. f. , Zygoglossum Reinw. , × Cirrhophyllum Anon. )

Epidendreae Lindl. : It contains five subtrials in the New World :

Subtribe Bletiinae
Subtribe Chysinae
Subtribe Laeliinae
Subtribe Pleurothallidinae
Subtribe Ponerinae

Gastrodieae Lindl.

Malaxideae Lindl.

Neottieae Lindl.

Nervilieae Dressler : It was set up in 1990.

Podochileae Pfitzer

Sobralieae Pfitzer

Triphoreae Dressler

Tropidieae Dressler : It contains only two genera:

Corymborkis Thouars (Syn .: Corymbis Thouars ex Lindl. Nom. Superfl., Corymborchis Thouars ex Blume orth. Var., Hysteria Reinw. , Macrostylis Breda nom. Illeg., Rhynchandra Rchb. , Rhynchanthera Blume nom. Illeg., Tomotris Raf. ): It contains about eight species as of 2017.
Tropidia Lindl. (Syn .: Decaisnea Lindl. Ex Wall. Nom. Nud., Chloidia Lindl. , Cnemidia Lindl. , Govindooia Wight , Kalimantanorchis Tsukaya, M.Nakaj. & H.Okada , Muluorchis J.J.Wood , Ptychochilus Schauer , Schoenomorphus Thorel ex Gagnep. ): It contains about 32 species as of 2017.

Vandeae Lindl. : It contains about 158 genera with about 2000 species in three or sub-tribes (as of 2006):

Subtribe Aerangidinae: It contains about 36 genera with about 307 species (as of 2006).
Subtribus Aeridinae: It contains around 103 genera with around 1253 species (as of 2006).
Subtribe Angraecinae: It contains around 19 genera with around 408 species (as of 2006).
Subtribe Polystachyinae
Subtribe Agrostophyllinae

Xerorchideae PJCribb : It contains only one genus:

Xerorchis Schltr. : The roughly two species are common in tropical South America.

supporting documents

Individual evidence

^ Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family . Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-45058-6 .
↑ Kenneth M. Cameron et al .: A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 86, 1999, pp. 208-224.
↑ ^a ^b Epidendroideae (Part one) . In: Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn N. Rasmussen (Eds.): Genera Orchidacearum. 2nd Edition. tape 4 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2005, ISBN 0-19-850712-7 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Cássio van den Berg, Douglas H. Goldman, John V. Freudenstein, Alec M. Pridgeon, Kenneth M. Cameron, Mark W. Chase: An overview of the phylogenetic relationships within Epidendreae inferred from multiple DNA regions and recircumsription of Epidendreae and Arethuseae (Orchidaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 92 , no. 4 , 2005, p. 613-624 ( online PDF ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn N. Rasmussen: Epidendroideae (Part 3) . In: Genera Orchidacearum . tape 6 . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-964651-7 , pp. 1–576 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
^ W. Mark Whitten, Mario A. Blanco, Norris H. Williams, Samantha Koehler, Germán Carnevali, Rodrigo B. Singer, Lorena Endara, Kurt M. Neubig: Molecular phylogenetics of Maxillaria and related genera (Orchidaceae: Cymbidieae) based on combined molecular data sets. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 94, Issue 11, 2007, pp. 1860-1889. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.94.11.1860
↑ ^a ^b ^c Rafaël Govaerts, 2019: World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP Database). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Orchidaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved on 2020-05-121.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Barbara S. Carlsward, W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams, Benny Bytebier: Molecular phylogenetics of Vandeae (Orchidaceae) and the evolution of leaflessness . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 93 , no. 5 , 2006, ISSN 1537-2197 , pp. 770-786 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.93.5.770 .

Web links

Commons : Epidendroideae - collection of images, videos and audio files

Epidendroideae on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 9, 2020.