Vanilloideae

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Vanilloideae
Spiced Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)

Spiced Vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia )

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Vanilloideae
Scientific name
Vanilloideae
( Lindl. ) Szlach.

The vanilloideae are a subfamily in the plant family of orchid (Orchidaceae). Usually this group was placed in the subfamily Epidendroideae , only molecular genetic studies confirmed it as a subfamily of its own. With around 200 species in 15 genera , it is one of the smaller of the five subfamilies of this plant family.

Description and ecology

Illustration from Illustrations of Himalayan plants , panel XXII, 1855 by Cyrtosia lindleyana

Vegetative characteristics

All representatives of the Vanilloideae are perennial, herbaceous plants , sometimes with a slightly woody stem . The roots have velamen , sometimes they form storage organs or are specialized in mykoheterotrophic way of life; these species are mostly leafless. The leaves are arranged spirally or sometimes in two lines. The slender stem axis is sometimes elongated like a liana. In the bud, the leaves are rolled and the leaf blade is leathery to fleshy. The leaf veins are sometimes reticulated, which is extremely rare in orchids. There is no separating tissue between the leaf and the stem axis.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences of the Vanilloideae are terminal or lateral and unbranched. The flowers are spiraling on the inflorescence axis and are resupinated . The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. Bracts are in two threefold circles. The ovary is subordinate and one-chamber or three-chamber. The only fertile stamen and the stylus are fused into a complex structure, the column . This is slender, the scar simple, three scar flaps are rarely seen. The stamen stands at the end of the column and is aligned perpendicular to it. The pollen grains form a floury, slightly sticky mass or, less often, are shaped into soft, coherent pollinia .

The fruits are mostly capsule fruits , sometimes fleshy and contain numerous seeds. With a size of 0.5 to 1 millimeter, the lenticular seeds have a hard seed coat .

Sets of chromosomes

The chromosome numbers vary within the subfamily over a wide range from 2n = 18, 20 or 24 in the Pogonieae (there the chromosomes are quite large) up to 2n = 28, 30 or 32 in the Vanilleae.

distribution

The species of the Vanilloideae are found mainly in the Neotropics and Australasia, Vanilla has a pantropical distribution.

Systematics

Taxonomy

The subfamily Vanilloideae was established in 1995 by Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko in Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica , Supplementum 3, page 48. The basionym is Vanillaceae Lindl. The type genus is Vanilla Plum. ex Mill.

Further synonyms for Vanilloideae (Lindl.) Szlach. are: Vanilleae Lindl. nom. inval., Vanilleae Rchb. nom. nud., Vanilleae Tratt. nom. nud., Vanillaceae (Lindl.) Rchb. , Vanillidae Lindl. nom. nud.

External system

The subfamily Vanilloideae is a sister taxon to a clade of the subfamilies Epidendroideae and Orchidoideae within the family Orchidaceae .

Internal system

The subfamily Vanilloideae can be divided into two tribes: the Pogonieae and the Vanilleae. In 1993, Dressler further subdivided the Vanilleae into the three subtribes Galeolinae, Lecanorchidinae and Vanillinae.

supporting documents

literature

  • Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family. P. 105ff. Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-45058-6
  • KM Cameron et al .: A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 86, 1999, pp. 208-224. On-line. Retrieved October 17, 2007

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Vanilloideae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1-71827. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In: Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Orchidaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 6, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Vanilloideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

  • KM Cameron, MC Molina: Photosystem II gene sequences of psbB and psbC clarify the phylogenetic position of Vanilla (Vanilloideae, Orchidaceae). In: Cladistics , Volume 22, 2006, pp. 239–248.
  • Emerson R. Pansarin, F. Barros: Taxonomic notes on Pogonieae (Orchidaceae): Cleistesiopsis, a new genus segregated from Cleistes, and description of two new South American species, Cleistes batistana and C. elongata. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 63, 2008, pp. 441-448.
  • Emerson R. Pansarin, A. Salatino, MLF Salatino Phylogeny of South American Pogonieae (Orchidaceae, Vanilloideae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast (psaB, rbcL rps16, and trnL-F) DNA with emphasis on Cleistes and discussion of biogeographic implications. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution , Volume 8, 2008, pp. 171-181.
  • KM Cameron: On the value of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences for reconstructing the phylogeny of vanilloid orchids (Vanilloideae, Orchidaceae). In: Annals of Botany , Volume 104, 2009, pp. 377-385.
  • MA Soto Arenas, P. Cribb: A new infrageneric classification and synopsis of the genus Vanilla Plum. ex Mill. (Orchidaceae: Vanillinae). In: Lankesteriana , Volume 9, 2010, pp. 355–398.
  • S. Suddee, S. Chantanaorrapint, P. Tripetch, S. Thainukul: New records in Lecanorchis Blume and Vanilla Plum. ex Mill. from Thailand, with keys to the Thai species. In: Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) , Volume 38, 2010, pp. 1-7.
  • Emerson R. Pansarin, A. Salatino, LM Pansarin, M. Sazima: Pollination systems in Pogonieae (Orchidaceae: Vanilloideae): A hypothesis of evolution among reward and rewardless flowers. In: Flora (Jena) , Volume 207, 2012, pp. 849–861.
  • Emerson R. Pansarin, Ludmila Pansarin: Floral biology of two Vanilloideae (Orchidaceae) primarily adapted to pollination by euglossine bees. In: Plant Biology , Volume 16, 2014. doi : 10.1111 / plb.12160
  • Emerson R. Pansarin: Recent advances on evolution of pollination systems and reproductive biology of vanilloideae (orchidaceae). In: Lankesteriana , Volume 16, Issue 2, Cartago, 2016 doi : 10.15517 / lank.v16i2.26010