Vanilla (orchids)

vanilla
	Spiced Vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia )
Systematics
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Vanilloideae
Tribe :	Vanilleae
Genre :	vanilla
Scientific name
	Vanilla
	Mill.

Vanilla ([ ʋanɪljə ] or [ vanɪlə ], landscape based also [ fanɪlə ] or [ vanɪl ]; botanical Vanilla ) is a genus in the family of orchid (Orchidaceae). The 106 to 127 species are common in the subtropics to the tropics .

description

Illustration from Rumphia, sive, Commentationes botanicæ imprimis de plantis Indiæ Orientalis ... , 1835 by Vanilla albida

Illustration from Martius, Eichler, Urban: Flora Brasiliensis , Volume 3, Part 4, Plate 32 by Vanilla chamissonis

Illustration of Vanilla humblotii

Vegetative characteristics

The vegetative characteristics of many species vary greatly and are therefore poorly suited as identifying characteristics. The species of the genus Vanilla are evergreen, perennial herbaceous plants . These climbing plants grow directly in the ground rooting ( terrestrial ) or semi-epiphytic . The thick, bare, green, monopodial stem axis sometimes branches and is succulent . The gray-green roots arise at each node of the stem axis. Their leaves are leathery, thick and fleshy; they can be large and elongated or scale-shaped.

Generative characteristics

The racemose inflorescence is short and densely covered with resupinate flowers. The relatively short-lived flowers are striking. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The sepals are free.

Botanically speaking, the fruits are elongated capsule fruits or cylindrical, leathery berries that do not open. The fruits are also called "vanilla pods" when fermented and used as a spice. As with all orchids, the fruits contain a large number of very small seeds. The seed coat (testa) is hard.

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

Botanical history and taxonomy

The first species belonging to the genus Vanilla was named before the binomial system of nomenclature after Carl von Linné was established in 1753. The genus Vanilla was on 28 January 1754 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary ... Abridged ... fourth edition installed . As Lectotypusart was Vanilla mexicana Mill. (Syn .: Epidendrum vanilla L. ) by Mansfield in crop set 2, 1959, Page 587. Synonyms for Vanilla Plum. ex Mill. are: Myrobroma Salisb. , Vanillophorum Neck. nom. inval.

Important revisions of the genus Vanilla were carried out by Klotzsch in 1846, Rolfe in 1896 and Portères in 1954. After molecular genetic data, a comprehensive revision was carried out by Arenas et al. 2010.

External system

The genus Vanilla belongs to the tribe Vanilleae in the subfamily Vanilloideae within the family Orchidaceae . According to Arenas 2010, the genus is Vanilla Plum. ex Mill. closest related to the genera Dictyophyllaria Garay , Epistephium Kunth and Lecanorchis Blum . According to Pansarin 2010, the only species in the genus Dictyophyllaria Garay belongs to the genus Vanilla again .

Internal system

The genus Vanilla was identified by Arenas et al. 2010 divided into two sub-categories:

Subgenus Vanilla Mill. Subg. Vanilla (Syn .: Vanilla subsect. Membranacea Portères nom. Illeg.): It contains about 15 Neotropical species, most of which are found in Brazil.
Subgenus Vanilla subg. Xanata Soto Arenas & Cribb : It was set up in 2010 and is divided into two sections:
- Vanilla subg. Xanata sect. Tethya Soto Arenas & Cribb : It was set up in 2010.
- Vanilla subg. Xanata Soto Arenas & Cribb sect. Xanata

The distribution of the genus Vanilla in the world

Species and their distribution

The distribution area of the genus Vanilla are the tropical and subtropical areas of different continents. There are areas in the southern area of North America , on the Caribbean Islands , in Central America , South America , Central Africa , Madagascar , Southeast Asia and on the western Pacific islands .

The original distribution of most species is South America, although a few species, such as Vanilla imperialis or Vanilla roscheri, are native to the African continent.

Vanilla aphylla

Vanilla bahiana

Vanilla barbellata

Vanilla chamissonis

Vanilla imperialis

Vanilla ochyrae

Vanilla pompona

Vanilla roscheri

Vanilla somae

Vanilla walkeriae

The genus Vanilla contains 106 to 127 species, depending on the author:

Vanilla abundiflora J.J.Sm. : It occurs on Borneo .
Vanilla acuminata Rolfe : It occurs in the Republic of the Congo and Gabon .
Vanilla acuta Rolfe : It occurs in the Guyanas .
Vanilla africana Lindl. : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Gabon .
Vanilla albida flower : It occurs from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to western Malesia .
Vanilla andamanica Rolfe : It only occurs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Vanilla angustipetala Schltr. : It occurs from southeastern to southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina .
Vanilla annamica Gagnep. : It occurs in southern China , Laos , Thailand and Vietnam .
Vanilla aphylla flower : It is distributed from Assam via Myanmar , Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and the Malay Peninsula to the islands of Java and Luzon .
Vanilla appendiculata Rolfe : It occurs from Colombia to northern Peru and from Brazil to Guyana .
Vanilla arcuata Pansarin & MRMiranda : It wasfirst describedin 2016 from the Brazilian state of São Paulo .
Vanilla aspericaulis Sambin & Chiron : It wasfirst describedfrom French Guiana in 2015.
Vanilla atropogon Schuit., Aver. & Rybková : It wasfirst described in Vietnam in 2013.
Vanilla bahiana Hoehne : It occurs in Brazil.
Vanilla barbellata Rchb. f. : It occurs from southern Florida via the Bahamas and the Caribbean islands of Cuba , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico to the Lesser Antilles .
Vanilla barrereana Veyret & Szlach. : It wasfirst describedin 1994 from the Guyanas .
Vanilla bertoniensis Bertoni : It occurs in southern Paraguay and southern Brazil.
Vanilla bicolor Lindl. : It is distributed from the Caribbean islands to tropical South America.
Vanilla borneensis Rolfe : It occurs in Assam, Thailand, Johor and Borneo.
Vanilla bradei Schltr. ex Mansf. : It occurs in the Brazilian state of São Paulo.
Vanilla calyculata Schltr. : It occurs in El Salvador , Honduras and Colombia.
Vanilla capixaba Fraga & DRCouto : It wasfirst describedin 2017 from the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo .
Vanilla chalotii Finet : It occurs in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.
Vanilla chamissonis Klotzsch : It occurs in northeastern to eastern Bolivia , in French Guiana and in eastern Brazil.
Vanilla claviculata Sw. : It occurs on the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola , Jamaica , Puerto Rico, the Cayman Islands and the Lesser Antilles .
Vanilla cobanensis Archila : It wasfirst describedfrom Guatemala in 1999.
Vanilla columbiana Rolfe : It occurs in Colombia.
Vanilla corinnae Sambin & Chiron : It was first described in French Guiana in 2017.
Vanilla costaricensis Soto Arenas : It wasfirst describedfrom Costa Rica in 2010.
Vanilla coursii H.Perrier : It occurs only in southwestern Madagascar .
Vanilla crenulata Rolfe : It is distributed from tropical western-central Africa to West Africa.
Vanilla cribbiana Soto Arenas : It was first described in 2010. It occurs in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Chiapas and in Colombia.
Vanilla cristagalli Hoehne : It occurs in Guyana and northern Brazil.
Vanilla cucullata Kraenzl. ex J.Braun & K.Schum. : It occurs in Ivory Coast , Cameroon and Gabon.
Vanilla decaryana H.Perrier : It occurs in north-western and southern Madagascar .
Vanilla decesareae Ormerod & Cootes : It wasfirst describedby the Philippines in 2013.
Vanilla denshikoira Flanagan & Ospina-Calderón : It wasfirst describedfrom Colombia in 2018.
Vanilla diabolica P. O'Byrne : It wasfirst describedin 1996 from Sulawesi .
Vanilla dietschiana Edwall : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo , São Paulo and Santa Catarina . It wasspun off in2003 as Dictyophyllaria dietschiana (Edwall) Garay in the monotypical genus Dictyophyllaria Garay , but was put back to the genus Vanilla in2010 by Pansarin.
Vanilla dilloniana Correll : It occurs from southern Florida via Cuba , Hispaniola and Puerto Rico to the Lesser Antilles .
Vanilla dressleri Soto Arenas : It was first described in 2010. It occurs from Costa Rica to Panama to Colombia.
Vanilla dubia Hoehne : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais .
Vanilla dungsii Pabst : It wasfirst describedin 1975 from the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro .
Vanilla edwallii Hoehne : It occurs in Brazil and in the Argentine province of Misiones .
Vanilla espondae Soto Arenas : It was first described from Colombia in 2010.
Vanilla esquipulensis Archila & Chiron : It was first described from Guatemala in 2012.
Vanilla fimbriata Rolfe : It occurs in Guyana and the Brazilian state of Pará.
Vanilla francoisii H.Perrier : It occurs only in northwest Madagascar.
Vanilla gardneri Rolfe : It occurs in Venezuela and Brazil.
Vanilla giulianettii F.M.Bailey : It is only found in Papua New Guinea .
Vanilla grandifolia Lindl. : It occurs in Príncipe , Gabon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
Vanilla griffithii Rchb. f. : It occurs from the Thailand peninsula to western Malesia .
Vanilla guatemalensis Archila : It was first described from Guatemala in 1999.
Vanilla guianensis Splitg. : It occurs from south-eastern Colombia through northern Brazil to the Guyanas .
Vanilla hallei Szlach. & Olszewski : It was first described from Gabon in 1998.
Vanilla hamata Klotzsch : This endemic occurs only in the Peruvian Huánuco .
Vanilla hartii Rolfe : It comes from southern Mexico through Central America, the two islands of Dominica and Trinidad to French Guiana, Guyana and Brazil.
Vanilla havilandii Rolfe : It occurs in Borneo. It was alsocollectedin Bangladesh in 2017.
Vanilla helleri A.D. Hawkes : It occurs in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama.
Vanilla heterolopha Summerh. : It occurs in the Republic of the Congo and in Gabon.
Vanilla hostmannii Rolfe : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and in northern Brazil.
Vanilla humblotii Rchb. f. : It occurs in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros island of Njazidja .
Vanilla imperialis Kraenzl. : It iswidespreadfrom southwestern Ethiopia and Angola to tropical West Africa.
Vanilla inodora Schiede : It occurs from Mexico via Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama to Colombia.
Vanilla insignis Ames : It occurs from southern Mexico via Belize and Guatemala to Honduras.
Vanilla javieri Bar.-Colm. : It was first described in 2018 from Colombia.
Vanilla kaniensis Schltr. : It occurs only in Papua New Guinea .
Vanilla karen-christianae Karremans & P.Lehm. : It was first described in 2018 from Costa Rica.
Vanilla kempteriana Schltr. : It occurs only in Papua New Guinea.
Vanilla kinabaluensis Carr : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula and in northern Borneo.
Vanilla labellopapillata A.K. Koch, Fraga, JUSantos & Ilk.-Borg. : It wasfirst describedin 2013 from the Brazilian state of Pará .
Vanilla leprieurii Portères : It occurs in the Guyanas.
Vanilla madagascariensis Rolfe : It occurs in Madagascar.
Vanilla marowynensis Pulle : It is only found in Suriname .
Vanilla martinezii Soto Arenas : It was first described from Guatemala in 2010.
Vanilla methonica Rchb. f. & Warsz. : It occurs in Colombia and Peru.
Vanilla mexicana Mill .: It occurs in southern Florida via the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Hispanola, Jamaica to the Lesser Antilles and the island of Trinidad to northern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname).
Vanilla montana Ridl. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
Vanilla moonii Thwaites : It is only found in Sri Lanka.
Vanilla nigerica Rendle : It occurs in southern Nigeria and Cameroon.
Vanilla norashikiniana Go & Raffi : It was first described from the Malay Peninsula in 2017.
Vanilla ochyrae Szlach. & Olszewski : It wasfirst describedin 1998 from Cameroon .
Vanilla odorata C. Presl : It is distributed from southern Mexico via Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia to French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Brazil.
Vanilla organensis Rolfe : It occurs in north-eastern Paraguay and Brazil.
Vanilla oroana Dodson : It wasfirst describedin 2003 from the Ecuadorian province of El Oro .
Vanilla ovalis Blanco : It occurs in the Philippines.
Vanilla ovata Rolfe : It occurs in Venezuela, French Guiana and in the Brazilian state of Pará.
Vanilla palembanica Teijsm. & Binn. : This endemic occurs only in Sumatra .
Vanilla palmarum (Salzm. Ex Lindl.) Lindl. : It is distributed from Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru to French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Brazil.
Vanilla paludosa Pansarin, JMAguiar & AWCFerreira : It wasfirst describedin 2012 from the Brazilian state of São Paulo .
Vanilla parvifolia Barb. Rodr. : It occurs in southern Brazil and southern Paraguay.
Vanilla paulista Fraga & Pansarin : It was first described in 2017 from the Brazilian state of São Paulo.
Vanilla penicillata Garay & Haze. : She is from southeastern Colombia. Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname spread as far as northern Brazil.
Vanilla perrieri Schltr. : It occurs in western and southern Madagascar.
Vanilla phaeantha Rchb. f. : It is widespread in the Neotropics.
Vanilla phalaenopsis Rchb. f. ex Van Houtte : It only occurs in the Seychelles .
Vanilla planifolia Andrews : ( Spice Vanilla or Real Vanilla). It originally occurs from southern Mexico through Central America to Colombia. It is a neophyte in many tropical areas. It is grown in many tropical countries.
Vanilla platyphylla Schltr. : It occurs only in Mindanao and Sulawesi .
Vanilla poitaei Rchb. f. : It occurs on the Caribbean islands of Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
Vanilla polylepis Summerh. : It is distributed from Kenya and Angola via the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia to Zimbabwe.
Vanilla pompona Schiede : There are three subspecies:
- Vanilla pompona subsp. grandiflora (Lindl.) Soto Arenas (Syn .: Vanilla grandiflora Lindl. ): It has been a subspecies since 2010. It comes on the island of Trinidad and is common in tropical South America.
- Vanilla pompona subsp. pittieri (Schltr.) Dressler : (Syn .: Vanilla pittieri Schltr. ): It has been a subspecies since 2010. It occurs in Central America from Costa Rica, Honduras and Nicaragua to Panama.
- Vanilla pompona Schiede subsp. pompona : It occurs from the state of Veracruz to southern Mexico. It is a neophyte on some Caribbean islands .
Vanilla raabii Ormerod & Cootes : It wasfirst describedin 2013 from the island of Luzon .
Vanilla ramificans J.J.Sm. (Syn .: Vanilla ramosa J.J.Sm. ): It occurs in New Guinea including the island of Normanby .
Vanilla ramosa Rolfe : It occurs from tropical western Africa to western Africa.
Vanilla ribeiroi Hoehne : It occurs in southeastern Colombia, in Guyana and in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.
Vanilla rivasii Molineros, RTGonzález : It was first described from Colombia in 2014.
Vanilla roscheri Rchb. f. : It occurs in southwestern Ethiopia , Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal .
Vanilla ruiziana Klotzsch : It occurs from southeastern Colombia via Bolivia to Peru .
Vanilla sanjappae Rasingam, RPPandey, JJWood & SKSrivast. : It wasfirst describedby the Andamans in 2007.
Vanilla sarapiquensis Soto Arenas : It was first described from Costa Rica in 2010.
Vanilla savannarum Britton : This endemic occurs only in central Cuba.
Vanilla schwackeana Hoehne : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Pará to Minas Gerais.
Vanilla seranica J.J.Sm. : This endemic occurs only on Seram Island .
Vanilla seretii De Wild. : It occurs in tropical west-central Africa.
Vanilla siamensis Rolfe ex Downie : It occurs in southern Yunnan, Cambodia , Vietnam and Thailand.
Vanilla somae Hayata : It occurs in southern China, Taiwan, Laos and Vietnam.
Vanilla sotoarenasii M.Pignal, Azof.-Bolaños & Grisoni : It was first described from Costa Rica in 2017.
Vanilla sprucei Rolfe : It occurs in southeastern Colombia and northern Brazil.
Vanilla sumatrana J.J.Sm. : It occurs in Perak , in western Sumatra and in Sabah .
Vanilla trigonocarpa Hoehne : It occurs from Costa Rica via Panama and Colombia to northern Brazil.
Vanilla utteridgei J.J.Wood : It wasfirst describedin 2002 from southwest New Guinea .
Vanilla vellozoi Rolfe : It occurs in Paraguay , Brazil and northeast Argentina.
Vanilla walkerae Wight : It occurs in southwest to southern India and in Sri Lanka .
Vanilla wariensis Schltr. : It occurs only in Papua New Guinea.
Vanilla wightii Lindl. ex Wight : It occurs in southwest India and Sri Lanka .
Vanilla yersiniana Guillaumin & Sigaldi : It occurs in Thailand and Vietnam.
Vanilla zanzibarica Rolfe : It occurs in Kenya , Tanzania and Zanzibar as well as Pemba .

Vanilla × tahitensis ( Tahitian vanilla ) = Vanilla odorata × Vanilla planifolia

use

The best known and economically most important representative is the spiced vanilla or real vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia ). The seasoning vanilla is obtained from the fermented capsules ("vanilla pods") of this plant . Around 15 species bear aromatic fruits. Some other types of vanilla, such as Tahitian vanilla ( Vanilla tahitensis and Vanilla pompona ) are used commercially. These types of vanilla can also be used in the kitchen. However, since the ingredients are composed a little differently from real vanilla, the aroma is not quite as fruity. However, the Tahitian vanilla is mainly used for use in cosmetics.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Miguel A. Soto Arenas, Phillip Cribb: A new infrageeric classification and synopsis of the genus Vanilla Plum. ex Mill. (Orchidaceae: Vanillinae) . In: Lankesteriana . tape 9 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 379 , doi : 10.15517 / lank.v0i0.12071 ( ucr.ac.cr [PDF; 692 kB ]).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d James D. Ackerman: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Oechidales. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 978-0195152081 . Vanilla Miller , pp. 507-510 - online with the same text as the printed work.
↑ ^a ^b Vanilla at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 11, 2020.
↑ JF Klotzsch: About the species of the genus Vanilla. In: Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) , Volume 4, 1846, pp. 561-567. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ RA Rolfe A revision of the genus Vanilla. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 32, 1896, pp. 439-478.
↑ R. Porterès Le genere Vanilla espèces et ses. : pp. 94290. In: G. Bouriquet (ed.): Le Vanillier et la Vanille dans le Monde. Enc. Biol. 46. Ed. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 1954.
^ ^A ^b Emerson R. Pansarin: Vanilla dietschiana, returns from Dictyophyllaria. In: Orchids (West Palm Beach) , Volume 79, 2010, pp. 106-109.
^ ^A ^b Emerson R. Pansarin: Taxonomic notes on Vanilleae (Orchidaceae: Vanilloideae): Vanilla dietschiana, a rare South American taxon transferred from Dictyophyllaria. In: Selbyana , Volume '30, 2010, pp. 198-202.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Vanilla. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 12, 2020.
↑ M. Oliur Rahman, Md. Abul Hassan: New angiospermic taxa for the flora of Bangladesh In: Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy , Volume 24, Issue 2, 2017. doi : 10.3329 / bjpt.v24i2.35112

Web links

Wiktionary: Vanilla - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Commons : Vanilla ( Vanilla ) - album containing pictures, videos and audio files

Wikispecies: Vanilla ( Vanilla ) species directory

Vanilla at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Vanilla at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Vanilla at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Overview of the genus at henriettes-herb.com . (engl.)