Summer rootwort

Summer rootwort
	Summer rootwort ( Spiranthes aestivalis ) with Kopfried ( Schoenus )
Systematics
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Orchidoideae
Tribe :	Cranichideae
Sub tribus :	Spiranthinae
Genre :	Drehwurzen ( Spiranthes )
Type :	Summer rootwort
Scientific name
	Spiranthes aestivalis
	( Poir. ) Rich.

The Spiranthes aestivalis ( Spiranthes aestivalis ), and Summer Wendelorchis or Sommerwendelähre called, is a plant of the genus of spiranthes ( Spiranthes ) in the family of orchid plants (Orchidaceae). It is one of the rarest native orchid species in Germany .

The summer rootwort was voted Orchid of the Year 2016.

description

Inflorescence of the summer rootwort ( Spiranthes aestivalis ) in the Berchtesgaden Alps

The summer rootwort grows as a dainty, deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 10 to 35 centimeters. This geophyte forms two to six beet-shaped storage roots that develop a length of 5 to 8 centimeters. Three to six leaves stand together in a basal rosette. The light green, simple leaf blade of the upright basal leaves is 5 to 14 centimeters long and 0.6 to 1.2 centimeters wide, linear-lanceolate and runny.

The flowering period extends from the beginning of July to the end of August, with the main flowering period extending from the end of July to the beginning of August. The 3 to 10 centimeters long and corkscrew-like twisted, spiked inflorescence contains loosely arranged 6 to 20 flowers. The white, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic , threefold and narrowly bell-shaped to tubular. The lip is round at the front and white on the inside.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.

ecology

The summer rootwort is a geophyte . The formation of bulbils on the lower leaves can lead to cluster-like growth.

The rate of fruit set of the lower and middle flowers is almost complete, since the terminal flowers mostly wither. The summer rootwort is considered allogamous . This is particularly indicated by the horizontal flower tube, the evening scent of the flowers, the nectar production and the construction of the column. As pollinators are bees and bee called. Possible pollinators are also hoverflies and nocturnal insects such as moths . However, no special studies are available. The pollinia of younger flowers are attached to the proboscis of the pollinators with the help of an adhesive disk and transferred to the stigma of another flower, the entrance to the stigma of which has been widened by bending the column back.

Occurrence

The distribution area extends over Central and Western Europe . In the north there are deposits in the Netherlands and in southern England . The southernmost occurrences reach as far as Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia. The summer rootwort has its distribution center in the Mediterranean area . In Central Europe it reaches the northern limit of its area . It is missing north of the Baden-Baden-Passau line and in the actual Alpine area. It seldom rises above altitudes of 1000 meters. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 90–1000 meters, France 0–1800 meters, Switzerland 300–1500 meters, Liechtenstein 430–490 meters, Austria 500–1300 meters, Italy 12–1300 meters, Slovenia 70-500 meters. In Europe the limits are between 0 and 1800 meters above sea level.

The summer rootwort thrives best on wet, but calcareous or calcareous soils that should be muddy and humic .

It inhabits flat moors and banks in areas with a warm climate . It cannot tolerate even moderately high concentrations of nitrogen salts and is therefore sensitive to fertilization . Since the beginning of the 20th century, their locations in Central Europe have become increasingly rare because they have been destroyed by " melioration ". Today the summer rootwort is endangered in Central Europe. The summer rootwort grows in low -nutrient fens and intermediate moors , preferably on wet, calcareous swamp humus or tufa in plant communities of the Kleinseggenmoore (order: Caricetalia davallianae) up to an altitude of 1,800 meters. Typical companion plants are the rust red head ( Schoenus ferrugineus ) and the black head ( Schoenus nigricans ). It is a species of the Schoenetum nigricantis.

Conservation and endangerment

Like all orchid species found in Europe, the summer rootwort is under the strictest protection of European and national laws.

In Germany, there are only a few occurrences in Baden-Württemberg outside of Bavaria .

Spiranthes aestivalis is acutely threatened with extinction. The main causes of danger are to be found in the loss of their habitats due to the cultivation of moors and in the fallowing of fresh and wet meadows .

Picture gallery

Spiranthes aestivalis
biotope in the
Berchtesgaden Alps
Spiranthes aestivalis
single plant in central Slovenia
Spiranthes aestivalis
biotope in central Slovenia
Summer turmeric in the moor
biotope on the Chiemsee

Sources and further information

literature

Standard literature on orchids

AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany. Verlag AHO Thuringia Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele , R. Lorenz: The orchids of Europe. Ulmer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 .
Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids, the wild species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Mosaik Verlag 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Summer Wendelorchis. In: FloraWeb.de.
↑ http://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/startseite/detail/-/specific/Deutschlands-Orchidee-des- Jahreses-2016-wurde-in-Arnstadt-gekuert- 1523521994
↑ Spiranthes aestivalis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ ^A ^b Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
↑ ^a ^b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 333. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 274 .