Drehwurzen

Drehwurzen
	Autumn rootwort ( Spiranthes spiralis )
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Orchidoideae
Tribe :	Cranichideae
Sub tribus :	Spiranthinae
Genre :	Drehwurzen
Scientific name
	Spiranthes
	Rich.

Spiranthes , also spiral ears and screws Stendel called forming genus Spiranthes in the family of orchid (Orchidaceae). The genus contains 33 to 50 species , mainly from North America, but also from Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia.

description

Spiranthes ovalis

Spiranthes cernua

The species of the genus Spiranthes are terrestrial, small, perennial , herbaceous plants. The roots arise in clusters at the base of the shoot, they are fleshy, slender cylindrical to spindle-shaped thickened, not hairy. The leaves are close together in a rosette, less often they are distributed in the lower half of the shoot. The leaf shape is oval to linear, the leaf base is wedge-shaped without a stalk or with an indistinctly separated stalk into a sheath surrounding the stalk. At the time of flowering, the leaves are often withered.

Generative characteristics

The terminal, upright, racemose inflorescence contains many flowers that are spirally arranged in one or more rows. The inflorescence shaft is hairy only in the upper area, often with glandular hairs. The bracts , which partially cover the peduncle, are tubular and pointed. The bracts are oval to lanceolate and can be hairy.

The resupinated , fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The ovary is spindle-shaped, hairy and twisted. It points upwards, while the tubular bloom is horizontal or nods slightly. The bracts are white, light yellow or light green, pink in a few species. The sepals are shaped roughly the same as each other, not grown together, the outside can be somewhat hairy. The edges of the three outer petals lie against each other at the base and form a tube, the tips are usually turned back. The lateral petals adhere to the outer petals, they are spatulate to lanceolate. The lip is abruptly narrowed (nailed) at the base, the nail is short and wedge-shaped. The lip continues with the longitudinally downwardly curved blade, which is U-shaped in cross section. At the base of the blade there are two thickened nectar glands on the edge, pointing backwards. The front edge of the lip is often wavy. The column is short and somewhat club-shaped, on the underside it is hairy. The stamen is oval, it is partially enveloped by a thin tissue of the column (clinandrium). The pollinia are yellow, narrow oval with a deep longitudinal furrow. They hang - over stalks or directly - on an elongated adhesive disc (Viscidium). The scar is semicircular to oval. The dividing tissue between the stigma and the stamen (rostellum) is triangular, with two lobes at the tip with a V-shaped incision, the resulting lobes (between which the viscidium sits) are thin and pointed.

The capsule fruit is oval, it contains numerous spindle-shaped seeds.

ecology

Various bees were observed as pollinators , often bumblebees ( Bombus ) and honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), but also representatives of the Halictidae , Megachilidae and Andrenidae . Some species are self-pollinating, here the rostellum has regressed. Also apomixis occurs in some species.

Locations

Drehwurzen occur at altitudes of 3600 meters. The locations are mostly open, sunny places, for example in grasslands or sparse forests. Mostly it is fresh to slightly dry soils, some species have specialized in wet or temporarily flooded locations.

Spiranthes australis

Spiranthes diluvialis

Spiranthes lacera

Spiranthes magnicamporum

Spiranthes odorata

Romanzoff's Drehwurz ( Spiranthes romanzoffiana )

Chinese rootwort ( Spiranthes sinensis )

Spiranthes vernalis

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

Spiranthes is classified within the tribe Cranichideae in the subtribe Spiranthinae . The genus Spiranthes was established by Richard in 1817. The lectotype is Spiranthes spiralis . The name Spiranthes was compared to the older names Orchiastrum Ség. and Aristotelea Lour. retained as noun conservandum . It is derived from the Greek words σπεῖρα speira for "spiral" and ἄνθος anthos for "blossom".

Some Central American genera are closely related to Spiranthes : Deiregyne , Dichromanthus , Mesadenus and Schiedeella .

The Drehwurzen have an almost worldwide distribution. The greatest biodiversity can be found in North America, but Central America and the extreme north of South America are also populated. Other species occur in Europe, North Africa and Asia. In Southeast Asia the distribution area extends over the Indonesian island world to Australia and New Zealand.

According to the Kew Gardens checklist, the following species were included in the genus Spiranthes in 2003 ; this is assessed differently by other authors:

Summer rootwort ( Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich. ), Occurs in Europe and North Africa
Spiranthes arcisepala M.C.Pace : The species first described in 2017 occurs from eastern Canada to Virginia.
Spiranthes australis (R.Br.) Lindl. (Syn .: Spiranthes alticola D.L.Jones , Spiranthes angustilabris J.J.Sm. , Spiranthes elytra D.L.Jones & RJBates , Neottia australis R.Br. ): It occurs from the eastern European Russia to the islands in the southwest Pacific.
Spiranthes brevilabris Lindl. : It occurs in both varieties from the southeastern United States to eastern Texas.
- Spiranthes brevilabris Lindl. var. brevilabris
- Spiranthes brevilabris var. Floridana (Wherry) Luer
Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise : With two varieties:
- Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. Casei : It occurs from eastern Canada to the northeastern United States.
- Spiranthes casei var. Novaescotiae Catling : It occurs only in Nova Scotia .
Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. (Syn .: Spiranthes parksii Correll ): It occurs in eastern Canada and in the central and eastern United States.
Spiranthes delitescens Sheviak : This endemic is found only in southeastern Arizona .
Spiranthes diluvialis Sheviak : It occurs from the northwestern United States to Nebraska .
Spiranthes eatonii Ames ex PMBr. : It occurs from the southeastern United States to eastern Texas.
Spiranthes flexuosa (Sm.) Lindl. (Syn .: Spiranthes himalayensis Survesw., Kumar & Mei Sun ): It occurs from northern Afghanistan to south-central Japan and western Malesia.
Spiranthes graminea Lindl. : It occurs from Mexico to Nicaragua.
Spiranthes × heteroaustralis J.MHShaw = Spiranthes praecox × Spiranthes vernalis . It occurs in Florida.
Spiranthes × hongkongensis S.Y. Hu & Barretto = Spiranthes flexuosa × Spiranthes sinensis . It occurs in southeast China, eastern Borneo, Taiwan and the Nansei Islands.
Spiranthes igniorchis M.C.Pace : It wasfirst describedin 2017 from south-central Florida .
Spiranthes incurva (Jenn.) MCPace : It occurs from southeastern Canada to the north-central and northeastern United States.
Spiranthes infernalis Sheviak : This endemic occurs in southern Nevada .
Spiranthes × intermedia Ames = Spiranthes lacera × Spiranthes vernalis : It occurs from southeastern Canada to the northeastern United States.
Spiranthes × kapnosperia M.C.Pace = Spiranthes cernua × Spiranthes ochroleuca : It occurs in the east-central United States.
Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. : It occurs in Canada and the United States. With two varieties:
- Spiranthes lacera var. Gracilis (Bigelow) Luer : It occurs from southern Ontario to the central and eastern United States.
- Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. lacera : It occurs from central and eastern Canada to the east-central and northeastern United States.
Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames : It occurs from New Jersey to eastern Texas.
Spiranthes longilabris Lindl. : It occurs from the southeastern United States to eastern Texas.
Spiranthes lucida (HHEaton) Ames : It occurs from southeastern Canada to the north-central and eastern United States.
Spiranthes magnicamporum Sheviak : It is found in the central and east-central United States and southern Canada.
Spiranthes nebulorum Catling & VRCatling : It occurs from Mexico to Guatemala .
Spiranthes niklasii M.C.Pace : It wasfirst describedin 2017 from Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma .
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. : It occurs in southeastern Canada and in the eastern United States.
Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. : It occurs from southeastern Oklahoma to the southeastern United States.
Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. : There are two varieties:
- Spiranthes ovalis var. Erostellata Catling : It occurs from Ontario to the east-central and southeastern United States.
- Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. var. ovalis : It occurs from eastern Texas to northern Florida.
Spiranthes perexilis (Sheviak) MCPace (Syn .: Spiranthes stellata subsp. Perexilis Sheviak )
Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. : It occurs in the western United States.
Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson : It occurs from New Jersey to eastern Texas.
Spiranthes pusilla (flower) Miq. : It only occurs in Sumatra .
Romanzoff's twistwort , Irish twistwort or American twistwort ( Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. ): It occurs from subarctic America to the north and west-central United States, also in Great Britain and Ireland. In Europe it thrives in boggy and swampy meadows at altitudes between 0 and 240 meters above sea level.
Spiranthes × simpsonii Catling & Sheviak = Spiranthes lacera × Spiranthes romanzoffiana : It occurs from southeastern Canada to the north-central United States.
Chinese twistwort ( Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames ): It occurs from Assam to south-central Japan and New Caledonia.
Herbst-Drehwurz ( Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. , Syn .: Spiranthes autumnalis (Balb.) Rich. ): It occurs in Europe, in the Middle East to the central Himalayas and in North Africa.
Spiranthes × stellata P.M.Br., Dueck & KMCameron = Spiranthes perexilis × Spiranthes romanzoffiana : It occurs in central California.
Spiranthes suishanensis (Hayata) Schltr. : This endemic occurs only in southern Taiwan.
Spiranthes sunii Boufford & Wen H.Zhang : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Gansu .
Spiranthes sylvatica P.M.Br. : It only occurs in Florida.
Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & HRSweet : It occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica and from southern Florida to the Caribbean and also in French Guiana.
Spiranthes triloba (Small) K.Schum. : It only occurs in Florida.
Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. : It occurs in the eastern and east-central United States.
Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & A.Gray : It occurs from the eastern and east-central United States to Guatemala and also in the Bahamas .
Spiranthes × Zahlbruckneri H. Fleischm. = Spiranthes aestivalis × Spiranthes spiralis : It occurs in Europe.

literature

Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn Rasmussen (Eds.): Genera Orchidacearum. Orchidoideae (Part 2). Vanilloideae . tape 3 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2003, ISBN 0-19-850711-9 , pp. 258-266 .
Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb: Spiranthes . In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 25 . Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, S. 24 ( eFloras.org - 1994+).
Charles John Sheviak, Paul Martin Brown: Spiranthes . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . tape 26 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, S. 530 ( eFloras.org - 1993+).
Walter Erhardt et al .: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb: Spiranthes . In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 25 . Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, S. 24 ( eFloras.org - 1994+).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn Rasmussen (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum. Orchidoideae (Part 2). Vanilloideae . tape 3 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2003, ISBN 0-19-850711-9 , pp. 258-266 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Charles J. Sheviak, Paul Martin Brown: Spiranthes . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . tape 26 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, S. 530 ( eFloras.org - 1993+).
↑ Gerardo A. Salazar, Mark W. Chase, Miguel A. Soto Arenas, Martin Ingrouille: Phylogenetics of Cranichideae with emphasis on Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae): evidence from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 90 , 2003, p. 777-795 ( amjbot.org ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Spiranthes. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 1, 2020.
^ Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz: Orchids in Europe with adjacent areas . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006. ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 . Page 300.

Web links

Commons : Drehwurzen ( Spiranthes ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

[FoC-1] Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb: Spiranthes . In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 25 . Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, S. 24 ( eFloras.org - 1994+).

[salazar-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn Rasmussen (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum. Orchidoideae (Part 2). Vanilloideae . tape 3 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2003, ISBN 0-19-850711-9 , pp. 258-266 .

[FoNA-3] Charles J. Sheviak, Paul Martin Brown: Spiranthes . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . tape 26 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, S. 530 ( eFloras.org - 1993+).

[salazaretal-4] Gerardo A. Salazar, Mark W. Chase, Miguel A. Soto Arenas, Martin Ingrouille: Phylogenetics of Cranichideae with emphasis on Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae): evidence from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 90 , 2003, p. 777-795 ( amjbot.org ).

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Spiranthes. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 1, 2020.

[BaumannKünkeleLorenz2006-6] Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz: Orchids in Europe with adjacent areas . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006. ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 . Page 300.