Spiranthinae

Spiranthinae
	Autumn rootwort ( Spiranthes spiralis )
Systematics
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Orchidoideae
Tribe :	Cranichideae
Sub tribus :	Spiranthinae
Scientific name
	Spiranthinae
	Lindl.

The spiranthinae are a Subtribus in the plant family of orchid (Orchidaceae). It contains (as of 2018) around 40 genera with around 500 species. The main focus of their distribution is South America, only the genus of the twisted root ( Spiranthes ) is almost cosmopolitan.

Description and ecology

Illustration from Edwards Botanical Register , Volume 23, 1837, 1934 plate by Brachystele bracteosa

Illustration from Alfred Cogniaux: Flora Brasiliensis , Volume 3, Part 6: Orchidaceae by Skeptrostachys gigantea

Illustration from “The Botanical Register” by Cyclopogon bicolor

Illustration from Edwards Botanical Register , Volume 33, 1847, Plate 65 by Dichromanthus cinnabarinus

Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 62, 1835, Plate 3403 by Eltroplectris calcarata

Illustration from Flora Brasiliensis , from Lankesterella ceracifolia

Vegetative characteristics

They grow terrestrially or, more rarely, epiphytically . They are perennial herbaceous plants . The individual shoot axes arise from the creeping, relatively thin rhizomes . The fleshy, sometimes spindle-shaped, thickened roots arise in clusters at the base of the stem axis, rarely along the rhizome. The mykoheterotrophic Degranvillea dermaptera has no roots, but a thickened, branched rhizome.

The mostly few leaves are usually arranged in a spiral to form a basal rosette, more rarely they are ± evenly distributed on the stem axis . Some species only have one leaf per shoot. The leaves are sessile or often stalked. The leaf bases encompass the stem, there is no separating tissue between the leaf base and the blade.
Some mycotrophic species have no green leaves, only brownish, scale-like lower leaves.

Generative characteristics

Usually an inflorescence stem is formed on which some bracts sit. A few or many flowers stand together in the racemose inflorescence .

The flowers are mostly resupinated . The ovary is often twisted. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The bracts form a tube. The three outer bracts are free or partially grown together. The lateral sepals often run down a bit at the base of the ovary and form a bowl-like or spur-like nectarium . The upper sepal is concave, the lateral petals adhere to it; together they form a hood over the flower. The bottom of the lip usually has two nectar glands pointing backwards. The sides of the lip are turned up and cling to the column . The stamen lies parallel to the columnar axis. It contains two pollinia , each more or less divided into two by a longitudinal furrow, rarely four pollinia are present. The pollen is organized in tetrads, these clinging together to form several small pollen blocks (massulae). The adhesive disc ( Viscidium ) is located at the end or at the bottom of the pollinia . The pollen grains within the pollinia occur in two forms: towards the viscidium they form a stalk of densely packed, probably sterile pollen grains, the tetrads at the base are much looser. The transition between the two forms is gradual. The scar is entire or bilobed.

Brachystele unilateralis

Lankasterella ceracifolia

Pelexia laxa

Sarcoglottis sceptrodes

Stenorrhynchos speciosum

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

Botanical history

A group of genera around Spiranthes was already summarized in 1840 by John Lindley under the name "Spiranthidae". Rudolf Schlechter compiled some morphological identifying features in 1920 and gave the group a scope that is still more or less valid today. The next larger edits were made at the same time in 1982 by Leslie Garay and Pamela Burns-Balogh , although their concepts differed significantly from one another - Garay distinguished 44 genres, Burns-Balogh only 17.

In 2003, genetic studies had shown that some genera that were previously included in the Subtribus Spiranthinae are more closely related to other groups: Nothostele and Pseudocranichis were placed in the Subtribus Cranichidinae , Manniella forms its own Subtribus Manniellinae. Following Garay's division into about 40 genera, there were four related groups in 2003: first, Stenorrhynchos and the closely related Eltroplectris , Mesadenella , Pteroglossa and Sacoila ; second, the Pelexia group with Coccineorchis , Cyclopogon , Odontorrhynchus , Sarcoglottis and Veyretia ; third, Eurystyles and Lankesterella ; fourth, a group of mainly Central American genera and Spiranthes .

In 2011 it turned out that Nothostele belongs to the Subtribus Spiranthinae.

Genera and their distribution

The approximately 40 genera are mainly distributed in the Neotropic . Most Spiranthes species occur in North America, some species of this genus also occur in Europe, North Africa, Asia and Australia. Cyclopogon obliquus is a neophyte in some areas of Southeast Asia .

The subtribe Spiranthinae contains (as of 2018) around 40 genera with around 500 species:

Aracamunia Carnevali & I.Ramírez : It was set up in 1989 and there is only one species:

Aracamunia liesneri Carnevali & I.Ramírez : It occurs in Venezuela only in the state of Amazonas .

Aulosepalum Garay (Syn .: Deiregynopsis Rauschert nom. Illeg., Gamosepalum Schltr. Nom. Illeg., Gracielanthus R.González & Szlach. ): The nine species that have been found from Mexico to Central America since 2019.

Beloglottis Schltr. : The sevenor sospecies arewidespreadfrom southern Florida across Central America and on the Caribbean islands to tropical South America.

Brachystele Schltr. (Syn .: Diskyphogyne Szlach. & R.González ): The 20 species since 2019 arewidespreadfrom Mexico through Central America to tropical South America.

Buchtienia Schltr. : The four species since 2015 are distributed from western South America to Paraguay and Brazil.

Coccineorchis Schltr. : The eight species since 2019 arewidespreadfrom Mexico to Central America and in western South America to Peru.

Cotylolabium Garay : There is only one species:

Cotylolabium lutzii (Pabst) Garay (Syn .: Stenorrhynchos lutzii Pabst , Spiranthes lutzii (Pabst) HGJones ): This endangered endemic thrives only on a mountain top of the Pico da Bandeira of the Serra do Caparaó in southeastern Brazil. There is only one site with a few tens of specimens.

Cybebus Garay : There is only one type:

Cybebus grandis Garay : It occurs in Colombia and northern Ecuador .

Cyclopogon C.Presl (Syn .: Beadlea Small , Cocleorchis Szlach. , Stigmatosema Garay , Warscaea Szlach. ): The about 113 species since 2018 are widespread from southern Florida to Caribbean islands and Mexico through Central America to the tropical South America.

Degranvillea Determann : It was set up in 1985 and there is only one type:

Degranvillea dermaptera Determann : It occurs in French Guiana and Suriname .

Deiregyne Schltr. (Syn .: Burnsbaloghia Szlach. , Dithyridanthus Garay , Oestlundorchis Szlach. , Triceratostris (Szlach.) Szlach. & R.González ): Since 2014, about 22 species are distributed from Mexico via Guatemala to Honduras .

Dichromanthus Garay (Syn .: Cutsis Burns-Bal., EWGreenw. & R.González ): The four species since 2009 are distributed from southern Arizona and southwest Texas via Mexico and Guatemala to Honduras .

Eltroplectris Raf. (Syn .: Centrogenium Schltr. ): The 14 species since 2017 are distributed from southern Florida over many Caribbean islands to tropical South America.

Espinhassoa Salazar & JANBat. : It was established in 2019 and contains only two species in southeastern Brazil.

Eurystyles Wawra (Syn .: Pseudoeurystyles Hoehne , Synanthes Burns-Bal., H.Rob. & Merc.S. Foster , Trachelosiphon Schltr. ): The since 2019 around 21 species are from southern Mexico via Central America and on Caribbean islands to the tropical South America widespread.

Funkiella Schltr. : The eleven species since 2011 are distributed from Mexico to Central America.

Greenwoodiella Salazar : It was installed in 2016. The threeor sospecies are distributed from Texas to Mexico to Central America, Cuba and Hispaniola .

Hapalorchis Schltr. : The twelve species since 2019 are widespread in the Neotropic.

Helonoma Garay (Syn .: Wallnoeferia Szlach. ): The four species since 2009 are distributed in tropical South America.

Kionophyton Garay (Syn .: Greenwoodia Burns-Bal. ): The three species since 2004 are distributed from Mexico to Guatemala.

Lankesterella Ames (Syn .: Cladobium Schltr. Nom. Illeg.): The eleven species that have been around since 2004 are common in the Neotropics.

Lyroglossa Schltr. : Of the only two species, one occurs only from the Mexican state of Veracruz to Belize and the other is common on the island of Trinidad and in tropical South America.

Mesadenella Pabst & Garay (Syn .: Garaya Szlach. ): The 14 species since 2014 are common in the Neotropic.

Mesadenus Schltr. : The only four species left since 2019 are distributed from Florida to the Caribbean islands and from Mexico to Central America. Some species were placed in the genus Espinhassoa in2019.

Microthelys Garay (Syn .: Ecuadoria Dodson & Dressler ): The seven species since 2004 are distributed from New Mexico via Mexico to Central America and Ecuador.

Nothostele Garay : The two species in central Brazil since 2011 only in the states of Minas Gerais swowie Goiás and in the Distrito Federal do Brasil .

Odontorrhynchus M.N. Correa : The six or so species are distributed in South America from Bolivia via Peru to Chile (three species only there) and northern to northwestern Argentina.

Pelexia Poit. ex Rich. nom. cons. (Syn .: Adnula Raf. , Collea Lindl. Nom. Rej., Glottisarcon Szlach. & Kolan. , Pachygenium (Schltr.) Szlach. ): The 90 species since 2019 are widespread in the Neotropic.

Physogyne Garay : The only three species occur from central to southwestern Mexico.

Pseudogoodyera Schltr. : There is only one type:

Pseudogoodyera wrightii (Rchb. F.) Schltr. It occurs from the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí to Belize , Guatemala and in Cuba .

Pteroglossa Schltr. (Syn .: Callistanthos Szlach. , Cogniauxiocharis (Schltr.) Hoehne , Lyrochilus Szlach. , Ochyrella Szlach. & R.González ): The since 2019 about 13 species are widespread from Mexico to Central America to South America.

Quechua Salazar & L.Jost : It was established in 2012 for only one species:

Quechua glabrescens (T.Hashim.) Salazar & L.Jost (Syn .: Spiranthes glabrescens T.Hashim. , Beadlea glabrescens (T.Hashim.) Garay , Cyclopogon glabrescens (T.Hashim.) Dodson, Brako & Zarucchi ): These New combination took place in 2012. It occurs in the Andes in Peru and Ecuador.

Sacoila Raf. : The eight species since 2013 are widespread in the Neotropic.

Sarcoglottis C.Presl (Syn .: Dothilis Raf. , Narica Raf. , Synoplectris Raf. , Zhukowskia Szlach, R.González & Rutk.. ): The approximately 50 species since 2017 are widely used in the Neotropics.

Sauroglossum Lindl. (Syn .: Schidorhynchos Szlach. , Synassa Lindl. ): The eleven or so species are common in South America.

Schiedeella Schltr. (Syn .: Gularia Garay ): The approximately 18 species since 2009 are distributed from Arizona and southwest Texas via Mexico to Central America and on Caribbean islands.

Skeptrostachys Garay : The tenor sospecies are distributed from Suriname and Brazil to Paraguay as well as Uruguay and northern Argentina.

Drehwurzen ( Spiranthes Rich. ): The 36 to 50 species occur mainly in North America, but also from Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. The scope of this genus is controversial.

Sotoa Salazar : It was set up in 2010 and the only species was from the genus Deiregyne Schltr. outsourced:

Sotoa confusa (Garay) Salazar (Syn .: Deiregyne confusa Garay , Spiranthes confusa (Garay) Kartesz & Ghandi , Schiedeella confusa (Garay) Espejo & López-Ferrari , Funkiella durangensis subsp. Confusa (Garay) Szlach. , Funkiella confusa (Garay) Szlach., Rutkowski & Mytnik ): This new combination took place in 2010. It occurs from the southern USA to semi-arid areas in Mexico .

Stalkya Garay : There is only one type:

Stalkya muscicola (Garay & Dunst.) Garay : This endemic occurs in Venezuela only in the state of Mérida .

Stenorrhynchos Rich. ex explos.

Svenkoeltzia Burns-Bal. : The three or so species occur in Mexico.

Thelyschista Garay : There is only one kind:

Thelyschista ghillanyi (Pabst) Garay : It occurs in northeastern Brazil.

Veyretia Szlach. : The elevenor sospecies occur on the island of Trinidad and in tropical South America.

No longer belong to the subtribe Spiranthinae:

Discyphus Schltr. belongs to the subtribe Discyphinae Salazar & van den Berg , which was established in 2014: There is only one species:
- Discyphus scopulariae (Rchb. F.) Schltr. : It occurs in two varieties from Panama to northeastern Brazil and on the island of Trinidad.
Galeottiella Schltr. belongs to the subtribe Galeottiellinae Salazar & MWChase , which was established in 2002: The only two species occur from Mexico to Guatemala.

supporting documents

The information in this article comes from:

literature

Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family . Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-45058-6 , pp. 118 .
Gerardo A. Salazar, Mark W. Chase, Miguel A. Soto Arenas, Martin Ingrouille: Phylogenetics of Cranichideae with emphasis on Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae): evidence from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 90 , 2003, p. 777-795 ( amjbot.org ).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Gerardo A. Salazar, João AN Batista, Lidia I. Cabrera, Cássio van Den Berg, W. Mark Whitten, Eric C. Smidt, Cristiano Roberto Buzatto, Rodrigo B. Singer, Günter Gerlach, Rolando Jiménez-Machorro, José A. Radins, Irma S. Insaurralde, Leonardo RS Guimarães, Fábio de Barros, Francisco Tobar, José L. Linares, Ernesto Mújica, Robert L. Dressler, Mario A. Blanco, Eric Hágsater, Mark W. Chase: Phylogenetic systematics of subtribe Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae: Cranichideae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences of a nearly complete generic sample. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 186, March 2018, pp. 273-303. doi : 10.1093 / botlinnean / box096 online.
^ Orchidoideae, Part 2: Vanilloideae . In: Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn Rasmussen (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum . tape 3 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2003, ISBN 0-19-850711-9 , F Tribe Cranichidae, pp. 164 ff . ( Cranichidae on pp. 20-279 in the Google book search).
↑ ^a ^b João AN Batista, Thiago EC Meneguzzo, Gerado A. Salazar, Aline J. Ramalho, Lucinano de Bem Bianchetti: Phylogenetic placement, taxonomic revision and a new species of Nothostele (Orchidaceae), an enigmatic genus endemic to the cerrado of central Brazil. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 165, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 348-363. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2011.01113.x
↑ ^a ^b Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Finn N. Rasmussen, Mark W. Chase (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum . 6, part 3: Epidendroideae. Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-964651-7 , Spiranthinae, pp. 476–479 ( Spiranthinae on pp. 476–479 in the Google book search).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av Rafaël Govaerts, P. Bernet, K. Kratochvil, Günter Gerlach, G. Carr, P. Alrich, AM Pridgeon, J. Pfahl, MA Campacci, D. Holland Baptista, H. Tigges, J. Shaw, PJ Cribb, A. George , K. Kreuz, J. Wood: World Checklist of Orchidaceae. 2010, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In: Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Orchidaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed March 31, 2020.
^ ^A ^b Eduardo L. Borba, Gerado A. Salazar, Solange Mazzoni-Viveiros, João AN Batista: Phylogenetic position and floral morphology of the Brazilian endemic, monospecific genus Cotylolabium: a sister-group for the remaining Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 175, 2014, pp. 29-46. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12136 full text PDF.
↑ ^a ^b Gerardo A. Salazar, João AN Batista ,, Thiago EC Meneguzzo, Lidia I. Cabrera, Coyolxauhqui Figueroa, Laura Calvillo-Canadell, Aline A. do Vale, Rolando Jiménez-Machorro: Polyphyly of Mesadenus (Orchidaceae, Spiranthinae) and a New Genus from the Espinhaço Range, Southeastern Brazil. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 44, Issue 2, June 2019, pp. 282–296. doi : 10.1600 / 036364419X15562054132974
↑ Gerardo A. Salazar, TJ Hernández-López, J. Sharma, R. Jiménez-Machorro, Lidia I. Cabrera, J. Treviño-Carreón: Greenwoodiella, a new genus of spiranthinae (Orchidaceae) from North and Central America and the Greater Antilles, with a new species from the Chihuahuan Desert. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 41, 2016, pp. 823-838.
↑ ^a ^b Gerado A. Salazar, L. Jost: Quechua, a new monotypic genus of Andean Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 37, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 78-86. doi : 10.1600 / 036364412X616657
↑ ^a ^b Gerardo A. Salazar, C. Ballesteros-Barrera: Sotoa, a new genus of spiranthinae (Orchidaceae) from Mexico and the southern United States. In: Lankesteriana , Volume 9, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 491-504. PDF.

Web links

Commons : Spiranthinae - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Salazar2018SubtribeSpiranthinae-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Gerardo A. Salazar, João AN Batista, Lidia I. Cabrera, Cássio van Den Berg, W. Mark Whitten, Eric C. Smidt, Cristiano Roberto Buzatto, Rodrigo B. Singer, Günter Gerlach, Rolando Jiménez-Machorro, José A. Radins, Irma S. Insaurralde, Leonardo RS Guimarães, Fábio de Barros, Francisco Tobar, José L. Linares, Ernesto Mújica, Robert L. Dressler, Mario A. Blanco, Eric Hágsater, Mark W. Chase: Phylogenetic systematics of subtribe Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae: Cranichideae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences of a nearly complete generic sample. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 186, March 2018, pp. 273-303. doi : 10.1093 / botlinnean / box096 online.

[GeneraOrchidacearum2003-2] Orchidoideae, Part 2: Vanilloideae . In: Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn Rasmussen (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum . tape 3 . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2003, ISBN 0-19-850711-9 , F Tribe Cranichidae, pp. 164 ff . ( Cranichidae on pp. 20-279 in the Google book search).

[Batista2011Nothostele-3] João AN Batista, Thiago EC Meneguzzo, Gerado A. Salazar, Aline J. Ramalho, Lucinano de Bem Bianchetti: Phylogenetic placement, taxonomic revision and a new species of Nothostele (Orchidaceae), an enigmatic genus endemic to the cerrado of central Brazil. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 165, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 348-363. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2011.01113.x

[GeneraOrchidacearum2014-4] Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Finn N. Rasmussen, Mark W. Chase (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum . 6, part 3: Epidendroideae. Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-964651-7 , Spiranthinae, pp. 476–479 ( Spiranthinae on pp. 476–479 in the Google book search).

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av Rafaël Govaerts, P. Bernet, K. Kratochvil, Günter Gerlach, G. Carr, P. Alrich, AM Pridgeon, J. Pfahl, MA Campacci, D. Holland Baptista, H. Tigges, J. Shaw, PJ Cribb, A. George , K. Kreuz, J. Wood: World Checklist of Orchidaceae. 2010, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In: Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Orchidaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed March 31, 2020.

[Borba2014Cotylolabium-6] A ^b Eduardo L. Borba, Gerado A. Salazar, Solange Mazzoni-Viveiros, João AN Batista: Phylogenetic position and floral morphology of the Brazilian endemic, monospecific genus Cotylolabium: a sister-group for the remaining Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 175, 2014, pp. 29-46. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12136 full text PDF.

[Salazar2019Espinhassoa-7] Gerardo A. Salazar, João AN Batista ,, Thiago EC Meneguzzo, Lidia I. Cabrera, Coyolxauhqui Figueroa, Laura Calvillo-Canadell, Aline A. do Vale, Rolando Jiménez-Machorro: Polyphyly of Mesadenus (Orchidaceae, Spiranthinae) and a New Genus from the Espinhaço Range, Southeastern Brazil. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 44, Issue 2, June 2019, pp. 282–296. doi : 10.1600 / 036364419X15562054132974

[Salazar2016Greenwoodiella-8] Gerardo A. Salazar, TJ Hernández-López, J. Sharma, R. Jiménez-Machorro, Lidia I. Cabrera, J. Treviño-Carreón: Greenwoodiella, a new genus of spiranthinae (Orchidaceae) from North and Central America and the Greater Antilles, with a new species from the Chihuahuan Desert. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 41, 2016, pp. 823-838.

[Salazar2012Quechua-9] Gerado A. Salazar, L. Jost: Quechua, a new monotypic genus of Andean Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 37, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 78-86. doi : 10.1600 / 036364412X616657

[Salazar2010Sotoa-10] Gerardo A. Salazar, C. Ballesteros-Barrera: Sotoa, a new genus of spiranthinae (Orchidaceae) from Mexico and the southern United States. In: Lankesteriana , Volume 9, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 491-504. PDF.