Marsh glosswort

Marsh glosswort
	Marsh glosswort ( Liparis loeselii )
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Epidendroideae
Tribe :	Malaxideae
Genre :	Gloss herb ( liparis )
Type :	Marsh glosswort
Scientific name
	Liparis loeselii
	( L. ) Rich.

The fen orchid ( Lipari loeselii ), also peat gloss herb , Glanzstendel or Glanzorchis called, is a plant from the genus gloss herb ( Lipari ) within the family of orchid (Orchidaceae).

description

Opposite basal sheets

inflorescence

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 4

illustration

Vegetative characteristics

The marsh gloss herb is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches a maximum height of 5 to 25 centimeters. There is a tuber as a permanent organ. The vegetative parts of the plant above ground are relatively inconspicuous and colored yellow-green. The two basal and oppositely arranged, upright leaves are elongated to slightly lanceolate or egg-lanceolate with a length of 2 to 11 centimeters.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from late May to mid-July. The all-round shiny, loose inflorescence contains few to several flowers. The relatively small, light green, yellow-green to yellow, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The petals are narrow linear. The central lip is runny and bent like a knee.

More conspicuous than the flowers are the fruit clusters with their approximately 7–9 mm long egg-shaped fruit capsules. The whole plant turns a noticeable light yellow from mid-August and is therefore much easier to find than at the flowering time.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26 or 32.

ecology

The marsh glossy herb with its tuber can survive the winter as a geophyte . It grows in clusters, which is probably due to a vegetative reproduction by adventitious buds .

Insects are likely to act as pollinators , but these are not yet known due to a lack of studies. The fruit set is extremely high and fluctuates between 82.1% and 97.2%. The high fruit set suggests that there is either a highly effective allogamy or an obligatory autogamy . The runny, arched lip of the flowers and the two hard, sessile pairs of pollinia with adhesive serve to pollinate insects , but the odorless and nectarless flowers do not send any signal to insects; safe pollinators have not been found either. Self-pollination therefore probably takes place regularly , as the pollinia can fall directly onto the scar below due to the lateral limitation of the column.

Occurrence

The marsh gloss herb is a circumpolar, Euro-Siberian-North American floral element . The northern limit of its distribution leads in Europe through southern England and southern Scandinavia ; from the Baltic states eastward to Siberia it still occurs sporadically. The southern border, where it occurs only very isolated, is in eastern Spain , southern France , northern Italy and on the Balkans as far as Bulgaria . Its main area is in Germany . Otherwise it occurs scattered in the other parts of Europe as far as Siberia and in parts of eastern North America . The entire range extends from Europe to Central Asia, from Canada to the United States and also includes Sakhalin .

It is extremely rare in Germany. In some federal states ( Schleswig-Holstein , Hamburg , Saxony , Thuringia , Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate ) it is even considered lost. In the other federal states it is at least seriously endangered by the decline in species. Occasionally it occurs on the East Frisian Islands , in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and in the low mountain ranges with calcareous rock. In the foothills and in the valleys on the edge of the Alps is hard to find it.

The marsh gloss herb thrives in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . There it can occur both in the lowlands and in the hill country . However , it does not have a particular continentality . The swamp weed grows best on wet, sometimes flooded, calcareous mud or peat soils . It is somewhat warmth-loving. It occurs in flat moors on rain areas with exiting slope pressure and on spring horizons , less often on banks or between dunes . It hardly rises above altitudes of 700 meters. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 20–885 meters, France 1–952 meters, Switzerland 360–1100 meters, Liechtenstein 430–480 meters, Austria 120–1040 meters, Italy 20–945 meters, Slovenia 190–220 meters. In Europe the species rises up to 1100 meters.

The limestone marsh gloss herb occurs naturally in Kleinseggenrieden and in temporarily flooded low, intermediate and spring moors .

Liparis loeselii is the characteristic of the plant-sociological association Caricion davallianae, but also occurs in the association Juncetum alpini and in societies of the association Rhynchosporion albae.

Hazard and protection

The species is threatened with extinction in Western and Central Europe. A decrease in the number of locations can be clearly seen in the last few decades. The drainage of moors has contributed to the disappearance of the swamp gloss herb in many places, but the lack of mowing on litter meadows has also destroyed sites. Its populations are particularly endangered by drainage, afforestation and the cultivation of bog sites. Other reasons for the disappearance of the species include the fallowing of extensively used fresh and wet meadows, the eutrophication of the soils through fertilizer input and immissions. Collecting orchid lovers or plant lovers also decimate the stocks.

The marsh glossy herb is strictly protected. In Germany all orchids are protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance. According to the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive (Appendix 2 and 4), the marsh glossy herb is particularly worthy of protection throughout Europe. Since the main area of the marsh gloss herb is in Central Europe, Germany has a special obligation to preserve the existing populations .

On the Red List of Germany the swamp gloss herb is classified as endangered, this also applies to the federal states of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In all other federal states the orchid is threatened with extinction or has already been lost. Bavaria bears a special responsibility for the protection of the species, as only here have large intact populations been preserved. These populations with a few hundred to over a thousand individuals can be found in Alpine valleys and in the foothills of the Alps. A retreat or even extinction of the species can be observed at other growth locations.

The marsh glossy herb is also protected by the Bern Convention .

In order to draw attention to the particularly high endangerment and protection of this rare species, the marsh glossy herb was selected by the local orchid working group as the orchid of the year 1994.

Systematics

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

Liparis loeselii subsp. loeselii : It occurs from Europe to Central Asia and from Canada to the United States.
Liparis loeselii subsp. nemoralis Perazza, Decarli, Filippin, Bruna & Regattin : It occurs in north-eastern Italy.
Liparis loeselii subsp. orientalis Efimov : It occurs in the Altai .
Liparis loeselii subsp. sachalinensis (Nakai) Efimov : It occurs in southern Sakhalin .

Taxonomy and Etymology

The first publication took place under the name ( Basionym ) Ophrys loeselii by Carl von Linné in his work Species Plantarum , p. 947. The new combination to Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. was published in 1817 by Louis Claude Marie Richard . Other synonyms for Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. are: Cymbidium loeselii (L.) Sw. , Leptorkis loeselii (L.) MacMill. , Malaxis loeselii (L.) Sw. , Mesoptera loeselii (L.) Raf. , Orchis loeselii (L.) MacMill. , Paliris loeselii (L.) Dumort. , Pseudorchis loeselii (L.) Gray , Serapias loeselii (L.) Hoffm. , Sturmia loeselii (L.) Rchb. , Sturmia loeselii (L.) Rchb. , Anistylis lutea Raf. , Liparis bifolia St.-Lag. , Liparis correana (WPCBarton) Spreng. , Malaxis correana W.PCBarton , Malaxis longifolia W.PCBarton , Ophrys pulchella Salisb. , Ophrys trigona Gilib. des. inval., Liparis loeselii var. cracoviensis Zapal. , Liparis loeselii var. Lutosa Clairv. , Liparis loeselii var. Ovata Ridd. ex Godfery .

The generic name Liparis comes from the Greek word λιπαρός liparos for shiny, shimmering, magnificent. The name reference to the shiny leaves can also be found in the German generic name "Glanzkraut". The specific epithet loeselii honors Johannes Loesel (1607–1657), a botanist and medical professor from Königsberg .

Picture gallery

Swamp glossy herb in the Berchtesgadener Land
Biotope in the Berchtesgadener Land
blossoms
faded swamp gloss herb, Logatec / Slovenia
Biotope of marsh glosswort and marsh stendrums near Logatec / Slovenia

Sources and further information

literature

Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups native orchids in Germany, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
Helmut Baumann , S. Künkele, R. Lorenz: The orchids of Europe. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8001-4162-0 .
Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich., Sumpf-Glanzkraut. In: FloraWeb.de.
↑ ^a ^b Quinger, B., Zehm, A., Niederbichler, C., Wagner, I., Wagner, A .: Sumpf-Glanzkraut - Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. In: Information sheet on species protection 36.Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2010, accessed on July 18, 2019 .
↑ ^a ^b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 286.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Liparis - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on December 14, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 426. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8