Two-leaved forest hyacinth
| Two-leaved forest hyacinth | ||||||||||||
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Two-leaved forest hyacinth |
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| Platanthera bifolia | ||||||||||||
| ( L. ) Rich. |
The Platanthera bifolia ( Platanthera bifolia ), also white butterfly orchid or White butterfly orchid called, is a kind from the kind of wood hyacinths ( Platanthera ) in the family of orchid plants (Orchidaceae). It was elected Orchid of the Year 2011 by the local orchids working group.
Origin of the common names
In the German generic name, the name "forest hyacinth" has asserted itself against other names such as "cuckoo flower" or "broad-bulb". The German addition to the name "zweiblättrig" is a translation of the botanical epithet .
description
Appearance and leaf
The two-leaved forest hyacinth is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 50 centimeters; strong plants occasionally reach heights of up to 60 centimeters. The permanent organs of this geophyte are two undivided beet-shaped tubers with a root-shaped extension at the end. There are one to two, rarely three basal and opposite leaves . The simple basal leaves are elongated egg-shaped with a length of 6 to 22 centimeters and a width of 3 to 6 centimeters. The leaf surfaces are light green with a slight silvery sheen on the underside. Short, lanceolate leaves are distributed on the stem .
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering period begins one to two weeks after the greenish forest hyacinth ( Platanthera chlorantha ) and lasts from June to August. The annual inflorescence carries about 8 to 40 flowers. The bracts are longer than the ovary .
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The slender lateral bracts of the outer circle of the perigone are 9 to 13 millimeters long, 3 to 6 millimeters wide and protrude horizontally. The middle bract is egg-shaped and forms an open "helmet" with the lateral bracts of the inner circle of perigone. The slender inner bracts are 5 to 9 millimeters long and 2 to 4 millimeters wide. They are curved outwards at the top. The lip (the middle bract) is 8 to 16 millimeters long and 2 to 4 millimeters wide. The pollinia are arranged parallel and close to each other. This is the clearest distinguishing feature from the greenish forest hyacinth. The thin spur is about half full with nectar .
Chromosome set
The basic number of chromosomes is x = 21. The two-leaved forest hyacinth has diploidy , i.e. 2n = 42.
ecology
As with other orchids, the seed of this species does not contain any nutrient tissue for the seedling . The germination therefore only takes place in symbiosis with a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ).
The two-leaved forest hyacinth is pollinated by moths. There is abundant nectar in the spur of the flowers. The pollen packets stick to the pollinators' probes on both sides. In this way, they can safely get onto the stigma of the next forest hyacinth flower that the moth visits. The flower smells only during the night and is therefore pollinated by nocturnal, long-nosed butterflies .
Occurrence
The two-leaved forest hyacinth is widespread in almost all of Europe. Occurrences in Tunisia and Algeria belong to Künkeles forest hyacinth ( Platanthera bifolia var. Kuenkelei ). In Scandinavia the occurrence is limited to the coastal regions. From Europe, the distribution extends to the Caucasus and Iran . Further east to Siberia and Mongolia, the range gradually ends ; here it hardly penetrates north.
In Germany , the two-leaved forest hyacinth is most widespread in the Swabian and Franconian Alb , the Alps , Alpine foothills and around the Thuringian Basin . The species prefers mainly low mountain ranges to mountain ranges. It was formerly also widespread in the north German lowlands . However, many of these locations were extinguished before 1980. In the Großer Moor near Becklingen , a sizeable population has developed again after its renaturation .
In Austria the two-leaved forest hyacinth occurs in all federal states. In Carinthia, for example, it is widespread in all parts of the country. In Switzerland it is still relatively widespread with only a few gaps.
The two-leaved forest hyacinth thrives best on base-rich loam or clay soils with a good mix of humus . It prefers mixed deciduous forests , but it also grows in heaths , on mountain meadows , in unused swamp meadows , in flat bogs and in dry bushes. It rises in the Alps to altitudes of over 2000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps it occurs in the Tyrolean part at the Jöchelspitze up to 2100 m above sea level. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 20–1620 meters, France 0–2220 meters, Switzerland 260–1900 meters, Liechtenstein 470–1550 meters, Austria 280–1600 meters, Italy 2-2500 meters, Slovenia 20–1490 meters. In Europe, the species occurs between 0 and 2500 meters above sea level.
In Central Europe it occurs scattered, in the lowlands it is rare and over silicate rock it is absent in some areas. It usually forms smaller, very loose stands at its locations.
The two-leaved forest hyacinth inhabits the edges of forests , deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests , grass grass , grasslands , boggy meadows, alpine meadows and pastures. As a rule, their locations are not very base-rich and often tend to be slightly acidic. But there are also locations on particularly lime-rich soils.
It can be found in the plant societies ( plant sociological units according to Oberdorfer ):
- Association of Alno-Ulmion minoris (floodplain forests)
- Association Cytiso ruthenici-Pinion
- Sub- union Galio rotundifolii-Abietenion
- Association of Erico-Pinion (snow heather-pine forests)
- Association Quercion roboris
- Order Nardetalia (Borstgrasgemeinschaften)
- Association Mesobromion erecti
- Order Molinietalia caeruleae
Conservation and endangerment
Like all orchid species occurring in Europe, the two-leaved forest hyacinth is subject to strict protection by European and national laws.
- Red list Germany: 3
- Red list federal states: Baden-Württemberg : 4, Bavaria : safe, Brandenburg : 2, Hesse : 3, Lower Saxony : 2, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania : 2, North Rhine-Westphalia : 3, Rhineland-Palatinate : 3, Saarland : 3, Saxony : 2, Saxony-Anhalt : 3, Thuringia : 3.
- Red List Austria: In Austria the species is only considered regionally endangered in the northern foothills of the Alps.
The two-leaved forest hyacinth is particularly endangered outside the forests. Eutrophication and mowing too early before the seeds ripen are causing populations to shrink.
Systematics
The first publication took place in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Orchis bifolia by Carl von Linné in his work Species Plantarum . Louis Claude Marie Richard transferred this species in 1817 to the genus Platanthera Rich, which he established. The great width of the anther in this species gave the genus Platanthera its name ( Greek : πλατύς platys = broad, flat and ανθέρα anthera = anthers). The botanical epithet bifolia refers to the two opposite leaves of this species; a morphological feature that other species of this genus also have.
Other synonyms for Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. are: Lysias bifolia (L.) Salisb. , Habenaria bifolia (L.) R.Br. , Sieberia bifolia (L.) Spreng. , Satyrium bifolium (L.) Wahlenb. , Gymnadenia bifolia (L.) G.Mey.
There are the following subspecies and varieties:
- Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. subsp. bifolia (Syn .: Conopsidium platantherum Wallr. , Conopsidium stenantherum Wallr. , Habenaria chloroleuca Ridl. , Habenaria fornicata Bab. , Habenaria virescens Druce nom illeg.., Orchis alba Lam. , Orchis ochroleuca Ten. , Orchis paucifolia Gaterau , Orchis platanthera ( Wallr.) EHLKrause , Orchis stena thera (Wallr.) EHLKrause , Platanthera brachyglossa (Wallr.) Rchb. , Platanthera carducciana Goiran , Platanthera lancifolia (Rohlena) AWHill , Platanthera major (Better) Linding. , Platanthera Pervia Peterm. , Platanthera satyrioides Rchb. f. , Platanthera schuriana foot , Platanthera solstitialis Boenn. ex Drejer , Platanthera virescens K.Koch , Platanthera viricimaculata Kränzl. , Platanthera wankelii Rchb. , Plata bifolia subsp. atropatanica B.Baumann & al. , Plata bifolia subsp. graciliflora bites , Platanthera bifolia subsp. latiflora (Drejer) Løjtnant , Gymnadenia bifolia var. tenuiflora G.Mey. , Orchis bifolia var. brachyglossa Wallr. , Orchis bifolia var. latissima Tinant , Orchis bifolia var. Major Besser , Orchis bifolia var. Trifolia Gaudin , Orchis bifolia var. Trifoliata Tinant , Orchis bifolia var. Virens Tinant , Platanthera bifolia var. Atropatanica ( B. Baumann & al.) P.Delforge , Platanthera bifolia var . carducciana (Goiran) Hallier & Wohlf. , Platanthera bifolia var. Conferta Peterm. , Platanthera bifolia var. Latiflora (Drejer) EGCamus , Platanthera bifolia var. Laxa Peterm. , Platanthera bifolia var. Microglossa Zapal. , Platanthera bifolia var. Obtusifolia Schur , Platanthera bifolia var. Pervia (Peterm.) Asch. & Graebn. , Platanthera bifolia var. Quadrifolia Peterm. , Platanthera bifolia var. Simonkaiana Soó , Platanthera bifolia var. Subalpina Brügger , Platanthera bifolia var. Tenuiflora (G.Mey.) Thell. , Platanthera chlorantha var. Wankelii (Rchb.) Nyman , Platanthera montana var. Lancifolia Rohlena , Platanthera solstitialis var. Brachyglossa (Wallr.) Nyman , Platanthera solstitialis var. Densiflora Drejer , Platanthera solstitialis var. Latiflora Drejer , Platanthera solstitialis var. Patula Drejer , Platanthera solstitialis var. Pervia (Peterm.) Rchb. f. , Platanthera solstitialis var. Trifoliata Thielen )
- Platanthera bifolia var. Kuenkelei (H.Baumann) P.Delforge (Syn .: Platanthera kuenkelei H.Baumann , Platanthera bifolia subsp. Kuenkelei (H.Baumann) Kreutz ): It occurs only in North Africa in Algeria and Tunisia .
- Platanthera bifolia subsp. osca R.Lorenz, Romolini, VARomano & Soca : It occurs in Italy.
- Platanthera bifolia subsp. subalpina Brügger (Syn .: Platanthera subalpina Brügger , Platanthera solstitialis var. subalpina (Brügger) M. Schulze ): It occurs in the Alps of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy.
The two-leaved forest hyacinth ( Platanthera bifolia ) can form the hybrids Platanthera × hybrida Brügger with the greenish forest hyacinth if both species share the biotope . They are not easy to determine. This is mainly about the position of the pollen fans, which occupy an intermediate position.
See also
literature
Standard literature on orchids
- AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany. Verlag AHO Thuringia Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1
- Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids, the wild species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Mosaik Verlag 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3
- Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae. 1996 ("good German-language work on the subject of systematics")
- Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. Brücke-Verlag, 2nd edition: 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5
- JG Williams: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor. BLV Verlag, ISBN 3-405-11901-4
- Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz: Orchids of Europe with adjacent areas . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006. ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 .
Web links
Wikispecies: Two-leaved forest hyacinth ( Platanthera bifolia ) - species directory- Two-leaved forest hyacinth . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Distribution maps:
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
- Germany (AHO)
- Switzerland (AGEO)
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere.
Regional:
- The orchids of the Rhön: Platanthera bifolia , white forest hyacinth
- AGEO (Switzerland): Platanthera bifolia
- The orchids of Germany: Platanthera bifolia
- The virtuella Floran .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Two-leaved forest hyacinth. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ Orchid of the year 2011 ( Memento from May 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 382.
- ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 341. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
- ↑ Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
- ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Olatanthera bifolia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 3, 2016.
Broad-leaved orchid (1989) | Pyramid Dogwort (1990) | Orchid (1991) | Large two-leaf (1992) | Orchid orchid (1993) | Swamp gloss herb (1994) | Bee-Ragwurz (1995) | Yellow Lady's Slipper (1996) | Bug Orchid (1997) | Marsh stendrums (1998) | Bocks strap tongue (1999) | Red Forest Bird (2000) | Herbst-Drehwurz (2001) | Vogel-Nestwurz (2002) | Fly Ragwort (2003) | Green hollow tongue (2004) | Brandy orchid (2005) | Broad-leaved stendola (2006) | Common Cabbage Rose (2007) | Overlooked Orchid (2008) | Male Orchid (2009) | Yellow Lady's Slipper (2010) | Two-leaved forest hyacinth (2011) | Pale Orchid (2012) | Purple Orchid (2013) | Leafless Rebeard (2014) | Flesh-colored orchid (2015) | Sommer-Drehwurz (2016) | White Forest Bird (2017) | Peat moss orchid (2018) | Tridenty orchid (2019) | Broad-leaved orchid (2020)