Bristle grass willow

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Borstgrasweide , also Borstgras-Trift or Borstgrasrasen is a pasture or meadow created under human influence ( anthropogenic ) , which is dominated by the named grass species Borstgras ( Nardus stricta ). It belongs to the grasslands .

Systematics

Together with the heaths , which are closely related in their species composition , the grass turf form the class "Nardo-Callunetea" in the plant-sociological system. The grass turf itself form the order "Nardetalia". They are further separated according to the altitude level. The nebulas of the higher altitudes (Alps and higher low mountain ranges such as the Black Forest, Vosges, Bohemian Forest) are combined in the "Nardion" association. The bristle grass lawns of the lowlands and the low mountain ranges form the "Violion caninae" association, named after the dog violet . Moisturized bristle grass lawns, often in transition to moors , form the "Juncion squarrosi" association, named after the bulky rush . The division of these units into associations is handled differently depending on the view. According to the classical view (e.g. according to Oberdorfer) there are a large number of locally widespread associations. Some authors summarize these local associations (as a geographical form) to form broad societies. The "classic" grass grass lawns, the "Aveno-Nardetum" and the "Nardetum alpigenum", are communities that are spread from the subalpine forest border location down to the valley. They are the result of deforestation (sometimes even very small natural occurrences in the edge zones of moors that are hostile to the forest, on rocks and on curly gravel or sandy soils are discussed. Whether these actually existed is controversial.). At the upper end they merge into the (naturally tree-free) alpine lawn, mostly crooked sedge lawns . Bristle grass lawns are the characteristic vegetation of the unfertilized alpine meadows on acidic soils.

Distribution and locations

Bristle grass lawns are a characteristic form of vegetation in rain-rich north and north-west Europe (Atlantic and sub-Atlantic distribution). In Eastern and Central Europe with less rain and a continental climate, they are being replaced by other units. This applies e.g. B. for the dry inner alpine valleys with little rain. The height distribution of the arboreal grass lawns ranges from sea level to the alpine tree line. The grass pastures are particularly widespread from the upper subalpine level to the lower alpine level (1600-2500 m above sea level ) on flat to slightly inclined slopes. They are found exclusively on acidic soils; all types of character, including the bristle grass itself, are calcareous. Sometimes they also arise on carbonate rock, the soil of the latter being washed out and thus poor in bases, i.e. H. especially common in very rainy (humid) locations. The soils are deep, acidic ( pH 4.3–5.5) and poor in nutrients. Bristle grass pastures in extremely acidic soils are very poor in species. Species-rich forms occur on slightly more alkaline (but lime-free) soils, which can sometimes be very blooming. The defining factor of Nardetum is grazing . The selective eating of the cattle means that popular plants (plants that these animals like to eat) are almost eradicated over time and unpopular (prickly, hairy, poisonous) can accumulate. The lack of nutrients is exacerbated by the tendency of the cattle to store the consumed nutrients in other places (overnight at alpine huts (called alpine huts in Switzerland, or in Germany called alpine huts )) and thus withdraw them from the Nardetum.

Species composition

Bristle grass willow with arnica
Forest lice herb ( Pedicularis sylvatica )

The species composition of aristocratic grass lawns depends on several factors such as the degree of moisture or altitude. Typical types of pointer for species-rich grass turf are besides the grass ( Nardus stricta ) arnica ( Arnica montana ), gold cinquefoil ( Potentilla aurea ), common cat's paw ( Antennaria dioica ), fescue fescue ( Festuca ovina ), resinous bedstraw ( Galium saxatile ), fleckleckweed Piglet weed ( Hypochaeris maculata ), wood louse weed ( Pedicularis sylvatica ), two-leaved wood hyacinth ( Platanthera bifolia ), common finial ( Polygala vulgaris ), dog violet ( Viola canina ), swamp violet ( Viola palustris ).

The following species were found on an area investigated, which belongs to the Geo montani-Nardetum strictae, on the Schynigen Platte ( Switzerland , Canton Bern ) at an altitude of approx. 1960 m:

Hazard and protection

Species-rich grasslands on silicate soils in the montane to submontane, and since an agreement in 1999 also up to the planar level, are a habitat type to be protected as a priority on the European mainland in the EU member states (Annex I of Directive 92/43 / EEC , Code: 6230 ).

This type of habitat is highly endangered by human influences. The main risk factors are drainage measures, the application of natural and artificial fertilizers and pesticides, eutrophication, overgrazing , abandonment of use, afforestation, genetic impoverishment due to the isolation of the often only very small-scale occurrences.

Conservation status for habitat type 6230 - Species-rich nebula grass lawns
(national data for the reporting period 2007–2012 in accordance with Article 17 of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive)
State of preservation ALP ATL BORON CON MED PAN
Cheap
  • 
    		•  France, Romania --- --- --- Greece ---
    insufficient
  • 
    		•  Austria, Belgium, Germany, Slovenia, Slovakia Portugal --- Bulgaria, Germany, France, Italy France, Italy, Portugal ---
    bad
  • 
    		•  Italy, Poland, Sweden Belgium, Germany, Denmark, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Great Britain Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Luxembourg, Poland, Sweden --- Hungary
    unknown
  • 
    		•  Spain Spain --- --- Spain ---
    Biogeographical regions: ALP = alpine, ATL = atlantic, BOR = boreal, CON = continental, MED = Mediterranean, PAN = Pannonian
    --- = the conservation status was not given by any EU member state for the respective biogeographical region.

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ E Oberdorfer: South German plant communities. Part II, Fischer, Stuttgart / New York 1978, ISBN 3-437-30282-5 .
    2. ↑ a b FFH habitat type 6230 * - Species-rich nebulas.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg, November 2013. (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de  
    3. ↑ a b U. Jäger, D Frank: Species-rich montane Borstgrasrasen (and submontane on the European mainland) on silicate soils. In: Nature Conservation in the State of Saxony-Anhalt. Special issue The habitat types according to Appendix I of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. State Office for Environmental Protection, 2002, pp. 102–106. (PDF)
    4. ↑ S. Tidow: Effects of human influences on the stability of a subalpine grass turf. In: Contributions to the geobotanical survey of Switzerland. (= Geobotanica Helvetica. 75). 2003, ISBN 3-7281-2889-9 (on the vegetation of the Borstgrasweiden on the Schynigen Platte in the Bernese Oberland (Switzerland)).
    5. ↑ Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive (Council Directive 92/43 / EEC of May 21, 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild animals and plants) in the version of January 1, 2007 (PDF)
    6. ↑ Species-rich mountain grass lawns (and submontane on mainland Europe). ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 2011.
    7. ↑ European Topic Center on Biological Diversity: Habitat assessments at EU biogeographical level. As of February 28, 2014.