Greenish forest hyacinth

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Greenish forest hyacinth
Platanthera chlorantha LC0278.jpg

Greenish forest hyacinth ( Platanthera chlorantha )

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Orchidoideae
Tribe : Orchideae
Sub tribus : Orchidinae (Platantherinae)
Genre : Forest hyacinths ( Platanthera )
Type : Greenish forest hyacinth
Scientific name
Platanthera chlorantha
( Custer ) Rchb.

The Greenish butterfly orchid ( Platanthera chlorantha ), also Greenish butterfly orchid or mountain butterfly orchid called, is a plant from the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). It occurs in Europe as well as in North and East Asia. The specific epithet chlorantha is derived from the Greek for green, greening and refers to the greenish color of the flowers. The popular name mountain cuckoo flower refers to the frequent occurrences in montane altitudes.

description

blossom
Greenish forest hyacinth ( Platanthera chlorantha )
Greenish forest hyacinth ( Platanthera chlorantha )
Flowers of Platanthera bifolia , Platanthera x hybrida and Platanthera chlorantha

The greenish forest hyacinth grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant that can reach heights of 30 to 60 centimeters. The two beet-shaped, egg-shaped to spindle-shaped tubers , the ends of which are extended to form root-like processes, have a length of 2 to 4 centimeters and a thickness of 0.8 to 1.5 centimeters. The upright stems have a tubular leaf sheath at the base. The two to five leaves branch off almost opposite to one another from the base of the stem and are elliptical-spatulate to inverted-lanceolate with a length of 10 to 20 centimeters and a width of 3 to 8 centimeters. They are narrow at the base and their tip is blunt or pointed.

The flowering period, about two weeks earlier than Platanthera bifolia , extends from May to August in Central Europe and from June to August in China. The seeds ripen from July to September. The inflorescences , pyramidal ears, have one to four bracts and they are between 7 and 23 centimeters long. They consist of 9 to 32 white to greenish-white, fragrant single flowers. The bracts of the flowers are lanceolate with a length of 10 to 22 millimeters and have a pointed tip. The peduncle and ovary are curved and reach a length of 12 to 18 millimeters, whereby they are cylindrical in shape. The lower, five-veined sepals are spherical-heart-shaped to boat-shaped with a length of 5 to 7 millimeters and a width of 5 to 6 millimeters and form a kind of hood with the petals . The lateral, sloping, three- to five-veined sepals are egg-shaped with a length of 7.5 to 8 millimeters and a width of 4 to 4.5 millimeters. The one- to three-veined petals go obliquely and are approximately lanceolate-ovate with a length of 5 to 6 millimeters and a width of 2.5 to 3 millimeters. The protruding to hanging, tongue-shaped flower lip tapers towards the tip and is 8 to 13 millimeters long and around 2 millimeters wide. The 16 to 36 millimeters long, club-cylindrical spur is pendulous or straight, sometimes it is also curved upwards and thickens towards the greenish tip. It towers over the ovary. The stylus column is strong and the stamens are conspicuous. The elliptical pollinia are significantly further apart than is the case with the two-leaved forest hyacinth and spread apart downwards. They are usually slightly curved and leave the spur entrance free.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 42.

ecology

The main pollinators are moths , which have pollinia on their eyes. They are attracted by a waxy scent that the flowers develop intensely at dusk. The moths can reach the nectar at the end of their spurs via their long proboscis.

Distribution and location

The distribution area of ​​the greenish forest hyacinth includes Europe, Russia, China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. In China they can be found in the provinces of Gansu , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Mongol , Qinghai , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi , Sichuan , Xizang and Yunnan . According to R. Govaerts, the species occurs only from Europe to northern Iran and northern Israel.

The greenish forest hyacinth thrives in Europe, preferably on calcareous soil, in light deciduous and coniferous forests, often in shrubbery areas and on the edges of forests, as well as on poor and wet meadows. It usually remains sterile at locations in the forest.

Vertical spread

In the Allgäu Alps , the greenish forest hyacinth between Siplinger Nadel and Siplinger Kopf in Bavaria rises to 1610 m above sea level. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 3–1690 meters, France 3–1900 meters, Switzerland 200–2300 meters, Liechtenstein 430–1500 meters, Austria 400–1370 meters, Italy 10–2050 meters, Slovenia 50-1,490 meters. In Europe the species rises in the Russian Caucasus up to 2500 meters, in Tibet up to 3500 meters above sea level. In China, altitudes of 400 to 3300 meters are settled. It grows there, mainly on slopes, in meadows and in forests.

Plant sociology

In Central Europe the Greenish butterfly orchid comes in companies of the associations fertilized wetlands , wet meadows ( Calthion ), moor grass -Streuwiesen ( Molinion coeruleae ), Brown harrows providers ( Caricion fuscae ) cytisus - Föhrenwald ( Cytiso-Pinion ), brome - chalk grasslands ( Mesobromion ) and of the Sub-Association of Mixed Fir Forests, White Fir Forests ( Galio Abietenion ).

Systematics

It was first described as Orchis chlorantha in 1827 by Jakob Laurenz Custer in Neue Alp. 2 , p. 400. In 1828 Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach transferred the species to the genus Platanthera in Handbook of the Natural Plant System 2 , p. 1565 . Other synonyms for Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. are Gymnadenia chlorantha (Custer) Ambrosi , Platanthera bifolia subsp. chlorantha (Custer) Rouy , Platanthera montana (FWSchmidt) Rchb.f. and habenaria chlorantha (Custer) Bab.

The species forms the following hybrids:

  • Platanthera × hybrida Brügger = Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. × Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.

Hazard and protection

The greenish forest hyacinth is listed in the Red List of the Federal Republic of Germany as "endangered" and is particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act. The causes of risk are considered to be fertilizer entry into the soil and shrub cover in locations such as grasslands. Protective measures for preservation, such as de-bushing the growth sites or maintaining light forest edges, can help to secure the existence.

literature

  • Ronny Steen: Pollination of Platanthera chlorantha (Orchidaceae): new video registration of a hawkmoth (Sphingidae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany. Volume 30, No. 5, 2012, pp. 623-626 doi: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2012.01574.x .

Web links

Commons : Greenish Forest Hyacinth ( Platanthera chlorantha )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

swell

  • Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb: Platanthera. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 25: Orchidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2009, ISBN 978-1-930723-90-0 , Platanthera chlorantha , p. 107 (English, online ).
  • Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
  • Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
  • Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Platanthera chlorantha. In: Floraweb. www.floraweb.de, accessed on June 10, 2012 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Adolf Riechelmann: The orchids of Franconian Switzerland. Palm & Enke, Erlangen 2011, ISBN 978-3-7896-1701-0 , p. 264 ff.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb: Platanthera. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 25: Orchidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2009, ISBN 978-1-930723-90-0 , Platanthera chlorantha , p. 107 (English, online ).
  4. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  5. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Platanthera chlorantha. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  6. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 382.
  7. ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition Volume 8, page 344. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  8. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 275 .
  9. ↑ Platanthera chlorantha at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 10, 2012.