Leafless adversity

Leafless adversity
	Leafless obesity ( Epipogium aphyllum )
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Epidendroideae
Tribe :	Gastrodieae
Genre :	Epipogium
Type :	Leafless adversity
Scientific name
	Epipogium aphyllum
	Sw.

The Leafless cons Bart ( Epipogium aphyllum ), also Ohnblatt or short cons Beard called, is a flowering plant in the family of orchids (Orchidaceae).

description

Illustration from images of the basic forms of orchid species occurring in Germany and the neighboring areas , plate 41

Zygomorphic flowers

The leafless Widebeard is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 5 to 30 centimeters. It is a leafless and chlorophyll-free geophyte with a fleshy rhizome that is heavily branched and resembles a coral . With its mycoheterotrophic diet, this plant species is dependent on the fungus symbiosis for life . The bare stem is white to dirty pink and has one to three stalk-encompassing scale leaves .

The little-flowered, spiked inflorescence bears one to ten flowers. The zygomorphic flowers are not resupinated, that is, the lip, which usually points downwards, points upwards here. The yellow-white to reddish bracts are 10 to 15 millimeters long. The lip is 5 to 10 millimeters long, white, and covered with reddish papillae. The spur is thick and sack-shaped.

The shoot appears above the ground at the end of July to the beginning of August, or more rarely earlier. The flowering period begins soon afterwards and is usually very short. Occasionally the plant also blooms underground.

The seeds ripen within a few days.

Chromosome set

The leafless ram has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and 34 chromosomes each ( cytology : 2n = 68).

ecology

The leafless ram forms an endotrophic mycorrhiza with a root fungus . The seed of this orchid does not contain any nutrient tissue for the seedling . The germination therefore takes place only when infection by a root fungus (mycorrhiza). Even in the adult stage, the antidote is dependent on the fungus (full mycotrophy ).

It has been proven that it often fails to flower for several years in a row. In contrast to other native orchids, the flower remains untwisted so that the lip points upwards.

Occurrence

Der Widerbart in a spruce forest in the Baar in Baden-Württemberg

Rebeard in a beech and fir forest in Bad Reichenhall / Bavaria

Widebeard at a typical location in the spruce mountain forest ( Lower Engadine / Switzerland )

Abandoned in the Karawanken , northern Slovenia

It is widespread, but generally rare, in Europe and the Middle East, with the exception of the Mediterranean areas, eastwards to Siberia , Japan , the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Himalayas . Floral elements : sub Mediterranean , mid- Atlantic , sub-Atlantic, central European, Carpathian, Sarmatic, central Siberian, Scandinavian.

In Germany , the densest occurrences are in the Swabian Alb , the Alpine foothills and in the middle of Germany, where Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia and Lower Saxony meet. The leafless Widerbeard is one of the rarest and most unusual species in German-speaking countries. Outside of these areas only a few larger occurrences have been identified. In Switzerland, mainly in alpine regions, but also outside of it, plants have been found in several locations. Many have been unconfirmed or have expired for a long time.

In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Bavarian part of the Kürenwald on Gottesacker west of Riezlern up to 1530 m above sea level. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 20–1500 meters, France 400–1900 meters, Switzerland 600–1800 meters, Liechtenstein 800–1550 meters, Austria 660–1550 meters, Italy 400–1600 meters, Slovenia 350–1100 meters. In Europe the height limits are between 20 and 1900 meters, in the Himalayas the species rises up to 4000 meters above sea level.

The Widerbeard prefers shady deciduous and coniferous forests with high humidity, higher soil moisture, thick humus layer and dead wood as a location.

It can be found in the plant associations : Asperulo-Fagenion (Mull- beech forests ) sub-association, Galio-Abietenion ( bed- herb- fir forests ) sub - association, Vaccinio-Piceion ( blueberry- spruce forests) association.

Conservation and endangerment

The leafless contraceptive is strictly protected by national and international laws.

Red lists :

Red List Germany : 2

Red lists Baden-Württemberg : V (warning list), Bavaria : 2, Hesse : 2, North Rhine-Westphalia : 2, Rhineland-Palatinate : 2, Saxony-Anhalt : 1, Thuringia : 1, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania : 1. In the rest Countries this species does not occur or is extinct there.

The stocks are declining. Reasons include climate change and deforestation. Unexpectedly, the flowering in the summer of the century 2003 was very long-lasting and numerous. The effects only became noticeable in the following year: significantly fewer plants appeared.

In order to point out the special need for protection of this rare species, the Blattlose Widerbart was elected Orchid of the Year 2014 by the Working Groups Heimische Orchideen (AHO) .

Taxonomy

It was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in his Species Plantarum as Satyrium epipogium . Today, satyrium is the scientific name of a genus of orchids mainly found in southern Africa. The valid botanical name is Epipogium aphyllum Sw. 1814. The botanical genus name Epipogium is derived from the ancient Greek words ἐπί (epi) for on, up, up, up and ὁ πώγων, -ωνος (pōgōn) = the beard ; the specific epithet aphyllum from ἄφυλλος (áphyllos) means leafless.

Other synonyms for Epipogium aphyllum Sw. are Epipogium gmelinii (L.) Rich. 1817 and Orchis aphylla F.W. Schmidt 1791.

Systematics

The genus Epipogium Borkh. comprises a total of four types:

Leafless rebeard ( Epipogium aphyllum Sw. ): It occurs in the temperate zones of Eurtasia.
Epipogium japonicum Makino : It occurs in Nepal, Sichuan, Taiwan and on Honshu.
Epipogium kentingense T.P. Lin & Shu H.Wu : The species first described in 2012 occurs in Taiwan.
Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl. (Syn .: Limodorum roseum D.Don ): It occurs from tropical Africa to the islands in the southwestern Pacific.

literature

Standard literature on orchids

Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8 (good work on the subject of systematics).
Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 . * AHO (Ed.): Die Orchideen Deutschlands . Verlag AHO Thuringia Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .

Special literature

Fritz Füller: Limodorum, Epipogium, Neottia, Corallorhiza (Orchids of Central Europe, Part 7) ( Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei. Volume 385). 3rd edition (unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition from 1977). Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2002, ISBN 3-89432-491-0 .

Individual evidence

↑ Leafless adversity. In: FloraWeb.de.
↑ ^a ^b Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
^ Karl-Peter Buttler: Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 390.
↑ ^a ^b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 321. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Epipogium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 11, 2018.