Green hollow tongue
| Green hollow tongue | ||||||||||||
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Green hollow tongue ( Coeloglossum viride ) |
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| Coeloglossum viride | ||||||||||||
| ( L. ) Hartm. |
The Green hollow tongue ( Coeloglossum viride ) is a plant from the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). Along with the white hoeswort ( Pseudorchis albida ) and the elder orchid ( Dactylorhiza sambucina ), it is one of the typical orchids of the mountain meadows. It is closely related to the orchid ( Dactylorhiza ), to which it is now taxonomically assigned by some authors based on molecular genetic research ( Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase ). Since these results are not yet generally accepted, the previous species name is used here first . The name is derived from Greek κοίλος koilos = hollow, hollowed out, γλώσσα glossa = the tongue and viride , from Latin viridis = green, is literally translated in German and refers to the hollowed out spur.
description
Due to its size and mostly greenish color, the green hollow tongue is a very inconspicuous, persistent , herbaceous plant . The green hollow tongue usually remains small, but can also reach heights of up to 30 centimeters. This geophyte has bulbs that are divided in the shape of a hand as persistence organs. The blunt-edged, bare stem is light yellow-green. The three to seven lower stalk-enclosing leaves are ovate; the upper ones more lanceolate.
The poor to floriferous inflorescence can contain up to 30 flowers. The small, greenish yellow to green and sometimes reddish overflowing flowers stand with their twisted ovaries in the axilla of lanceolate green bracts . The six tepals - each only a few millimeters in size - lean towards each other so that they take on the shape of a hemispherical helmet. A thick, three-lobed lip (labellum) with a maximum length of 10 millimeters hangs down like a tongue and gives this orchid its name. The sack-shaped spur measures only 2 to 3 millimeters . The glands on the base of the lips give off a weak honey-like scent from the flower, which attracts pollinators such as beetles , bees , bumblebees or wasps .
The flowering period extends from the beginning / middle of May at lower altitudes to the end of June or beginning of July, depending on the altitude, location and terrain climatic influences. In mountainous forest locations above shell limestone (about 400 meters above sea level), flowering plants can still be found at the beginning of August. Usually the fruit set of the plants is quite high.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40, less often 20.
distribution
The area of the green hollow tongue extends in the northern hemisphere from North America to East Asia, over large parts of northern, central and southern Europe, especially the Alpine and Carpathian countries , Turkey , the Crimea and the Caucasus . It includes the subarctic zone and the subalpine areas of the northern hemisphere.
The green hollow tongue is a floral element of the (meridional / montane ) submeridional / montane temperat boreal arctic florence zone. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 80–2280 meters, France 1–2660 meters, Switzerland 260–2710 meters, Liechtenstein 470–2200 meters, Austria 350–2700 meters, Italy 80–2970 meters, Slovenia 90-2180 meters. In Europe it occurs from 1–2970 meters, in the Himalayas up to 3900 meters above sea level.
- Germany
The distribution in Germany shows that the green hollow tongue can also occur in the hills and flatlands from 100 meters above sea level. These isolated occurrences, mostly on limestone grasslands , but also in open forests , are particularly affected by the decline of the less competitive species. The green hollow tongue is already extinct in Lower Saxony. In Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, it is classified as endangered. It is threatened with extinction in Baden-Württemberg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The status endangered applies to Bavaria alone. In Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Coeloglossum viride was never found, but in Brandenburg it was known at a location with a few specimens.
- Austria
In Austria it occurs in all federal states with the exception of Vienna and Burgenland, where it is considered extinct.
- Switzerland
In Switzerland it is still largely harmless in the higher altitudes. At lower altitudes it is very rare due to the intensification of agriculture.
The current European distribution focus is in the Alps . But also in the Eifel , the Rhön , the Fichtelgebirge , in the Black Forest , the Swabian Alb and the Thuringian Forest , the green hollow tongue has a distribution area, provided that there is extensive meadow use, which keeps the biotope structures short-grass and gaps. With the abandonment of this traditional use, the decline of this plant species assumed dramatic proportions. Other influencing factors such as nutrient input or climate change also play a role.
Locations and ecology
The green hollow tongue is on moderately moist, nutrient-poor, but often lime-rich soils up to an altitude of 2900 m above sea level. To find NN . But the low mountain ranges with acidic, dry and semi-arid grasslands also offer the green tongue a habitat for soils with a pH value of 5.7 to 7.9.
The green hollow tongue needs lime-free or at least lime-poor, strongly humus-infused clay soil. It occurs in unfertilized, nutrient-poor dry grassland and also in swamp meadows. It rises in the mountains to around 2500 m, and it occurs here mainly on mats, but also in dwarf shrubbery and open forests. It is absent in large parts of the lowlands. Overall, it is very rare in Central Europe. It is found in the plant communities of the order Nardetalia and the associations Mesobromion, Calamagrostion and Seslerion. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises up to 2200 meters above sea level.
In favorable locations, the green hollow tongue occurs individually or in small groups. If the green tongue is in light bushes or in mountain forests, as it occasionally happens, then the otherwise inconspicuous plant can become unusually large. Their inflorescence then often reaches a length of 10 cm.
The green hollow tongue is considered allogamous due to the fine smell of the flowers, their nectar, which runs from the spur of the lip . Darwin was the first to describe the pollination mechanism, but he was not yet familiar with any pollinators. The green hollow tongue is considered a moth flower.
The lowering movement of the pollinaries takes a very long time. Various insects such as bees , moths and wasps are named as pollinators in the literature .
Conservation and endangerment
The green hollow tongue has declined rapidly in the last decades because its locations have been destroyed by "melioration", especially in the low mountain ranges.
Like all orchid species found in Europe, the green hollow tongue is subject to strict protection by European and national laws.
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Red lists :
- Red list Germany: 3+
- Red list federal states: Baden-Württemberg : 2, Bavaria : 3, Berlin : -, Brandenburg : -, Bremen : -, Hamburg : -, Hesse : 2, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania : -, Lower Saxony : 0, North Rhine-Westphalia : 2, Rhineland-Palatinate : 2, Saarland : 2, Saxony-Anhalt : 1, Saxony : 1, Schleswig-Holstein : -, Thuringia : 1
- Red List Switzerland: LC (Least Concern) - not endangered
- Red List Austria: regionally endangered in the western Alpine region and in the Klagenfurt Basin.
The green hollow tongue is a particularly sensitive representative of the endangered mountain meadow flora and has seen a very large decline. In 2004, this plant was declared Orchid of the Year by the working group Heimische Orchideen (AHO) in Germany in order to draw attention to the problems of maintaining and caring for mountain meadows and to counteract the destruction of these biotopes through afforestation and overbuilding. If one wants to preserve this interesting orchid species, its habitats must first and foremost be secured. This requires meadow maintenance through regular mowing and / or extensive grazing. The green tongue reacts negatively to intensive pasture and fertilization . After a long period of fallow , bushes should be removed carefully. Acidification of the soil can be prevented by adding appropriate minerals - for example Thomas flour or wood ash .
Systematics
The most commonly used scientific name is: Coeloglossum viride ( L. ) Hartm. 1820
In a revision of the subtribe Orchidinae in the journal Lindleyana 1997 on the basis of genetic characteristics, the green hollow tongue in the genus orchids ( Dactylorhiza ) as Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase arranged. This name is already partially used today as a valid new name, but has not yet been fully established.
In addition to the Basionym Satyrium viride L. 1753, there are numerous synonyms that have arisen through new combinations as a result of the classification into different genera:
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Subspecies, varieties, hybrids
The green tongue occurs in two subspecies and two varieties , which differ primarily in their area of origin:
- Coeloglossum viride subsp. bracteatum (Willd.) Richter 1890. According to R. Govaerts, it is to be assigned to Dactylorhiza viridis var. virescens .
- Coeloglossum viride subsp. coreanum (Nakai) Samtoi 1969. According to R. Govaerts, it is part of Dactylorhiza viridis var. virescens .
- Coeloglossum viride var. Islandicum (Lindley) Schulze . According to R. Govaerts it is placed under Dactylorhiza viridis var. Viridis .
- Coeloglossum viride var. Virescens (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Luer (Syn .: Dactylorhiza viridis var. Virescens (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Baumbach ): It occurs in Far Eastern Asiatic Russia to Japan and in North America.
- Coeloglossum viride var. Viride (Syn .: Dactylorhiza viridis var. Viridis )
A hybridization with other species of orchids is possible as hybrids are described:
- × Dactyloglossum P.F. Hunt & Summerhayes 1965 ( Coeloglossum × Dactylorhiza )
- × Dactyloglossum conigerum (Norman) Rauschert 1973 ( Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza maculata )
- × Dactyloglossum dominianum (EG Camus, Bergon & A. Camus) Soó 1966 ( Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza maculata )
- × Dactyloglossum drucei (Camus) Soó 1966 ( Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza maculata )
- × Dactyloglossum erdingeri (Kerner) Janchen 1966 ( Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza sambucina )
- × Dactyloglossum guilhotii (EG Camus, Bergon & A. Camus) Soó in Soó & Borsos 1966 ( Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza incarnata )
- × Dactyloglossum mixtum (Ascherson & Graebner) Rauschert 1969 ( Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza fuchsii )
- × Gymnaglossum Rolfe 1919 ( Coeloglossum × Gymnadenia )
- × Gymnaglossum jacksonii (Quirk) Rolfe 1919 ( Coeloglossum viride × Gymnadenia conopsea )
- × Gymnaglossum quirkii Camus 1928 ( Coeloglossum viride × Gymnadenia conopsea )
- × Coeloplatanthera Ciferri & Giacomini 1950 ( Coeloglossum × Platanthera )
- × Coeloplatanthera brueggeri Ciferri & Giacomini 1950 ( Coeloglossum viride × Platanthera chlorantha )
Picture gallery
Green tongue
inflorescence
Green hollow tongue of the
Berchtesgaden Alps
Green hollow tongue
Saarland
Green hollow tongue
Bergwinkel , Hesse
Green hollow tongue
Bergwinkel, Hesse
Green hollow tongue
Bergwinkel, Hesse
Green hollow tongue
Bergwinkel, Hesse
Green hollow tongue
Bergwinkel, Hesse
Green hollow tongue
Hartenstein , Bavaria
Single flower of the green hollow tongue
Hartenstein, Bavaria
Coeloglossum viride
inflorescence ( Franconian Alb )
literature
- Standard literature on orchids
- Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
- Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
- Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
- Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8 (good work on the subject of systematics).
- Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
- John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .
- Special literature on the green hollow tongue
- Richard M. Bateman, Alec M. Pridgeon, Mark W. Chase: Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto. In: Lindleyana. Volume 12, 1997, pp. 113-141.
- Richard M. Bateman, Peter M. Hollingsworth, Julian Preston, Yi-Bo Luo, Alec M. Pridgeon, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected habenariinae (Orchidaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 142, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1-40, DOI: 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x .
- Robert Breiner: × Dactyloglossum evae R. Breiner = Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. islandica (Löve & Löve) Soó × viride var. islandicum (Lindley) M. Schulze, a new hybrid of the Icelandic flora. In: Reports from the working groups for domestic orchids. Volume 18, No. 2, 2001, pp. 89-91.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 275 .
- ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Dactylorhiza viridis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 27, 2016.
- ^ Karl-Peter Buttler: Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
- ^ A b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : "Orchidaceae". In Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition volume 8, page 356. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
- ↑ Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 168 .
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 378.
- ^ A b c Siegfried Künkele, Helmut Baumann: Orchidaceae. In: Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 8 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 , Coeloglossum viride , p. 354-356 .
See also
Web links
- Green hollow tongue. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Green hollow tongue . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Distribution maps
- Regional links
- AHO Germany Coeloglossum viride Green hollow tongue
- Orchids in Sweden Coelglossum viride Grönkullor
- The orchids of the Rhön Dactylorhiza viridis Green hollow tongue
- Orchids of southern Styria Coeloglossum viride Green hollow tongue
- AGEO Switzerland Coeloglossum viride
- Orchid of the year 2004
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