Orchids ( orchis )

Orchids
	Helmet orchid ( Orchis militaris )
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Orchidoideae
Tribe :	Orchideae
Sub tribus :	Orchidinae
Genre :	Orchids
Scientific name
	Orchis
	L.

The orchids i. e. S. ( orchis ) constitute a genus within the family of the Orchid Family (Orchidaceae).

Description and ecology

Illustration of the monkey orchid ( Orchis simia ) from illustrations of the basic forms of orchid species occurring in Germany and the neighboring areas , plate 15

Zygomorphic flowers of the purple orchid ( Orchis purpurea )

Vegetative characteristics

The orchid species are perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form oval tubers as persistence organs. One of the tubers wilts at the time of flowering, the other is intended for the next flowering time (interchangeable bulb). It has been assumed in the past that the species in the genus Orchis take seven to nine years from germination to the formation of the first flowers; in fact, this period is much shorter. The parts above ground are slightly poisonous and are avoided by cattle when they are fresh.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold.

The seeds are very numerous and very small, often only 1/4 mm in size and the thousand-grain mass is only about 0.5 to 2.5 milligrams.

Anatolian orchid ( Orchis anatolica )

Galilean orchid ( Orchis galilaea )

Italian orchid ( Orchis italica )

Armblütiges orchid ( orchis pauciflora )

Provence orchid ( Orchis provincialis )

Spotted orchid ( Orchis punctulata )

Spitzels orchid ( Orchis spitzelii )

Systematics

The genus Orchis was established by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, page 939 in 1753 . Synonyms for Orchis L. are: Abrochis Neck. , Zoophora Bernh. , Strateuma Salisb. , Aceras R.Br. , Androrchis D. Tyteca & E. Klein , × Orchiaceras E.G. Camus .

etymology

Because of the similarity of the two tubers with testicles , the botanical genus name Orchis comes from the Greek word όρχις orchis for testicles. The Greek philosopher Theophrastus of Eresos was the first natural scientist to study about 300 BC. Chr. Mentioned the orchids. Because of the paired root tubers and the resemblance to the male genitalia, he named them “Orchis” and founded the idea that was found for a long time in ancient writings that women who ate the stronger and juicer of the two tubers would give birth to a boy (Theophr . IX. 18.3.). The German name "Knabenkraut" is also derived from this. Other names of representatives of the genus are Stendelwurz , Stendel and Satyrion . According to the doctrine of signatures , the Orchis tuber was recommended as an aphrodisiac and by Paracelsus for testicular diseases.

In classical Greek mythology , Orchis, the son of a satyr and a nymph , was killed by bacchants . Through his father's prayers, he was transformed into a plant that now bears his name.

Species according to Bateman 1997 and Bateman 2009 with their distribution

There are about 22 species of Orchis (Bateman 2009):

Glandular orchid ( Orchis adenocheila Czerniak. ): It occurs from the south-eastern Transcaucasus to northern Iran .

Anatolian orchid ( Orchis anatolica Boiss. ): It occurs from the Aegean Islands to Israel and western Iran.

Ohnhorn ( Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. ): It occurs from Western Europe to the Mediterranean .

Brancifortis orchid ( Orchis brancifortii Biv. ): It occurs in eastern Sardinia , Sicily and southwestern Italy .

Orchis deutrodelamainii J.MHShaw : This name became the synonym × Orchiaceras delamainii Alleiz in 2017 . & Delamain replaced. It occurs in France.

Galilean orchid ( Orchis galilaea (Bornm. & M. Schulze) Schltr. , Syn .: Orchis punctulata var. Galilaea Bornm. & M. Schulze , Orchis punctulata subsp. Galilaea (Bornm. & M. Schulze) Soó ): It comes from southern Turkey to Israel.

Italian orchid ( Orchis italica Poir. Nom. Cons. Prop., Syn .: Orchis militaris Poir. Sensu auct., Orchis longicruris Link , Orchis undulatifolia Biv. , Orchis tephrosanthos var. Undulatifolia (Biv.) Ker Gawl. , Orchis simia var . undulatifolia (Biv.) Webb , Orchis fusca var. stenoloba Coss. & Germ. , Orchis purpurea var. stenoloba (Coss. & Germ.) Rchb. f. , Orchis purpurea subsp. stenoloba (Coss. & Germ.) K. Richt. , Orchis welwitschii Rchb. F. , × Orchiaceras welwitschii (Rchb. F.) EGCamus in EGCamus, P.Bergon & AACamus , × Orchiaceras bivonae nothovar. Welwitschii (Rchb. F.) P.Silva , Orchis longicruris subsp. Longipenis Font cross & P.Palau , Orchis italica var. fontinalis F.M.Vázquez ): It happens in the Mediterranean.

Light orchid or Algerian orchid ( Orchis laeta Steinh. , Syn .: Orchis provincialis var. Laeta (Steinh.) Maire & Weiller , Orchis pauciflora subsp. Laeta (Steinh.) Kreutz , Androrchis laeta (Steinh.) D.Tyteca & E. Klein , Orchis blidana B. Baumann & H.Baumann , Androrchis blidana ( B. Baumann & H.Baumann) W. Foelsche & Jakely ): It occurs from northern Algeria to northwestern Tunisia .

Male orchid ( Orchis mascula (L.) L. ): There are around five subspecies, depending on the author:

Sardinian orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Ichnusae Corrias ): It occurs only in Corsica and Sardinia .
Spanish orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Laxifloriformis Rivas Goday & B.Rodr. , Syn .: Orchis masculolaxiflora Lange , Orchis mascula var. Fallax E.G.Camus , Orchis langei Lange ex K.Richt. , Orchis hispanica A.Niesch. & C.Niesch . , Orchis mascula subsp. Hispanica (A.Niesch. & C.Niesch.) Soó , Androrchis langei (Lange ex K.Richt.) D.Tyteca & E. Klein , Orchis langei subsp. Magrebensis F.M.Vázquez ): It comes from the central Pyrenees to Morocco.

Male orchid ( Orchis mascula (L.) L. subsp. Mascula ): It occurs in the Canary Islands , in Europe and from the Mediterranean region to Iran. These include the following subspecies:

Madeira orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Scopulorum (Summerh.) H.Sund. Ex H.Kretzschmar, Eccarius & H.Dietr. ): This endemic occurs only in eastern Madeira .

Magnificent orchid ( Orchis mascula subsp. Speciosa (Mutel) Hegi ): It occurs in European mountains and in Algeria.

Orchis militaris L .: There are two subspecies:

Helmet orchid ( Orchis militaris L. subsp. Militaris ): It is distributed from Europe to Mongolia .
Stevens orchid ( Orchis militaris subsp. Stevenii (Rchb. F.) B. Baumann, H. Baumann, R. Lorenz & Ruedi Peter ): It occurs from north-eastern and south-central Turkey to northern Iran.

Southern French orchid ( Orchis olbiensis Reut. Ex Gren. ): It occurs in western Liguria in northwestern Italy and northwestern Africa.

Pale orchid ( Orchis pallens L. ): It occurs from Europe to the Caucasus .

Orchis patens Desf. : There are two subspecies:

Canary orchid ( orchis patens subsp. Canariensis (Lindl.) Asch. & Graebn. , Syn .: orchis canariensis Lindl. , Orchis patens var. Canariensis (Lindl.) Rchb. F. , Barlia canariensis (Lindl.) Szlach. , Androrchis canariensis (Lindl.) D.Tyteca & E. Klein ): It occurs on the Canary Islands.
Atlas orchid ( Orchis patens Desf. Subsp. Patens ): It occurs in northwestern Italy, northern Algeria to northern Tunisia.

Armblütiges orchid ( Orchis pauciflora Ten. ): It comes from northern Corsica prior to Crete.

Provence orchid or French orchid ( Orchis provincialis Balb. Ex Lam. & DC. ): It occurs from south-central and southern Europe to the western Caucasus.

Spotted orchid ( Orchis punctulata Steven ex Lindl. , Syn .: Orchis steveniana Compère ex Lév. , Orchis sepulchralis (Rchb. F.) Boiss. & Heldr. , Orchis schelkownikowii Woronow , Orchis punctulata var. Sepulchralis Rchb. F. , Orchis punctulata subsp. sepulchralis (Rchb. f.) Soó , Orchis punctulata subsp. schelkownikowii (Woronow) Soó ): It occurs from northeastern Greece to western Asia .

Orchis purpurea Huds. : It occurs from Europe to central Turkey, northeastern Algeria:

Purple orchid ( Orchis purpurea Huds. Subsp. Purpurea ): It occurs from Europe to central Turkey and northeastern Algeria.
Caucasian orchid ( Orchis purpurea subsp. Caucasica (Regel) B. Baumann, H. Baumann, R. Lorenz & Ruedi Peter ): It occurs in northeastern Turkey as far as the Caucasus.

Four-point orchid ( Orchis quadripunctata Cirillo ex Ten. ): It occurs from east-central and southern Italy to western Turkey.

Orchis simia Lam. : There are two subspecies:

Monkey orchid ( Orchis simia Lam. Subsp. Simia ): It occurs from Europe to Iran and from northern Algeria to northwestern Tunisia.
Akhdar orchid ( Orchis simia subsp. Taubertiana (B. Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz ): This endemic occurs only in northeastern Libya .

Orchis sitiaca (Renz) P.Delforge : This endemic occurs only in central and eastern Crete.

Orchis spitzelii ( Saut. Ex WDJKoch ): There are three subspecies:

Cazorla orchid ( Orchis spitzelii subsp. Cazorlensis (Lacaita) D. Rivera & Lopez Velez ): It occurs in central and eastern Spain, on the Balearic Islands and in Morocco.
Crete orchid ( Orchis spitzelii subsp. Nitidifolia (WPTeschner) Soó ): This endemic occurs only in Crete .
Orchis spitzelii ( orchis spitzelii Saut. Ex WDJKoch subsp. Spitzelii , Syn .: orchis patens var. Orientalis f Rchb.. , Orchis patens var. Viridifusca (Albov) Soó , orchis patens subsp. Falcicalcarata Wildh. , Orchis patens var. Atlantica Batt . , Orchis patens subsp. Orientalis (Rchb. F.) K. Richt. , Orchis viridifusca Albov , Orchis orientalis (Rchb. F.) Blade , Orchis mrkvickana Velen. , Orchis maireana G.Keller , Orchis bungii Hautz. , Orchis spitzelii var. sendtneri Rchb. f. , Orchis spitzelii var. gotlandica B.Pett. , Orchis spitzelii subsp. gotlandica (B.Pett.) Á.Löve & D.Löve , Orchis spitzelii subsp. latiflora B. Baumann & H.Baumann , orchis spitzelii subsp. teschneriana B.Baumann & H.Baumann , orchis spitzelii var. atlantica (Batt.) Kreutz , Androrchis spitzelii subsp. latiflora (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) W.Foelsche & Jakely , Androrchis spitzelii subsp. teschneriana ( B. Baumann & H.Baumann) W.Foelsche & Jakely ): It comes in the Swedish Gotland and from northeastern Spain bi s to Iran as well as northern Algeria. Historically there was a safe occurrence in Baden-Württemberg; but is extinct in Germany.

Orchis troodi (Renz) P. Delforge (Syn .: Orchis anatolica var. Troodi Renz , Orchis anatolica subsp. Troodi (Renz) Renz , Androrchis troodi (Renz) D.Tyteca & E. Klein ): This endemic occurs only in western Cyprus in front.

Outsourcing to other categories

In a 1997 revision of the Subtribus Orchidinae by Bateman on the basis of genetic characteristics, species are placed in other genera:

The species of the section Galericulatae E. Klein are placed in the genus Neotinea :

Milky white orchid ( Orchis lactea Poir. → Neotinea lactea (Poir.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase )
Tridentate orchid ( Orchis tridentata Scop. → Neotinea tridentata (Scop.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase ): There are two subspecies:
- Cone orchid ( Orchis tridentata subsp. Conica Willd. → Neotinea tridentata subsp. Conica (Willd.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase )
- Orchis tridentata subsp. tridentata → Neotinea tridentata subsp. tridentata (Syn .: Orchis tridentata subsp. commutata (Tod.) Nyman )
Brandy orchid ( Orchis ustulata L. → Neotinea ustulata (L.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase )

The kinds of the sections Adranthus Schltr. , Coriophoranthus Schltr. , Phalaenanthus Schltr. , Morianthus Schltr. and Saccatae (Parl.) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz are added to the genus Anacamptis :

Bory's orchid ( Orchis boryi Rchb.f. ) → Anacamptis boryi (Rchb.f.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase
Mound orchid ( Orchis collina Banks & Sol. Ex Russell ) → Anacamptis collina (Banks & Sol. Ex Russell) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase
Bug orchid ( Orchis coriophora L. ) → Anacamptis coriophora (L.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase

Cyrenaica orchid ( orchis cyrenaica E.A.Durand & Barratte ) → Anacamptis cyrenaica (EADurand & Barratte) H.Kretzschmar, ECCARIUS & H.Dietr.

Israeli orchid ( Orchis israelitica H.Baumann & Dafni ) → Anacamptis israelitica (H.Baumann & Dafni) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase

Lockerblütiges orchid ( orchis laxiflora Lam. ) → Anacamptis laxiflora (Lam.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase

Small orchid ( orchis morio L. ) → Anacamptis morio (L.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase

Marsh orchid ( Orchis palustris Jacq. ) → Anacamptis palustris (Jacq.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase

Butterfly Orchid ( orchis papilionacea L. ) → Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase

Holy orchid ( Orchis sancta L. ) → Anacamptis sancta (L.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase .

Superstition, Medicine and Conservation

In oriental antiquity, the flour of the tubers was a highly prized means of allegedly regaining the power to reproduce, i.e. an aphrodisiac according to the doctrine of signatures . In some areas, the plants are still called loveleek or lagwort.

The tubers of the Orchis species and some other orchids were used as a mucus drug ("Tubera Salep "), especially in paediatrics for irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, when there were no better drugs and remedies. Today, orchid species are no longer considered effective medicinal herbs.

All species of the genera Orchis and Dactylorhiza are under the strictest nature protection, especially the underground parts of the plant.

literature

H. Kretzschmar, W. Eccarius, Helga Dietrich : The Orchid Genera Anacamptis, Orchis and Neotinea. Phylogeny, taxonomy, morphology, biology, distribution, ecology and hybridization. 2nd edition, EchinoMedia Verlag, Bürgel, 2007, ISBN 978-3-937107-11-0 , pp. 1-544. Table of content .
RM Bateman: Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximizing explicit evidence and minimizing authoritarian speculation. In: Journal Europäische Orchideen , Volume 41, 2009, pp. 243-318.
Helmut Baumann, Richard Lorenz: The sections of the genus Orchis L. In: Journal European orchids. Volume 38, No. 1, 2006, pp. 173-183, ISSN 0945-7909 .
AMPridgeon, PJ Cribb, MW Chase, FN Rasmussen (Eds.): Genera Orchidacearum , Volume 2: Orchidoideae (Part one) , Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001, ISBN 0-19-850710-0 .
Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids, the wild species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Mosaik Verlag 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. Brücke-Verlag, 2nd edition, 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele , Richard Lorenz: Orchids of Europe with adjacent areas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 , pp. 206-256.

Individual evidence

↑ Péter Török, Tamás Miglécz et al .: New thousand-seed weight records of the Pannonian flora and their application in analyzing Social Behavior Types. In: Acta Botanica Hungarica. Volume 55, No. 3-4, 2013, pp. 429-472. doi : 10.1556 / ABot.55.2013.3-4.17 , PDF on researchgate.net (PDF; 463 kB), accessed on December 5, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS. 1-71827. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Orchis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 16, 2020.
↑ Walther Ryff : Confect Büchlin and Hausz Apoteck. Frankfurt am Main 1544; Reprint Munich 1983, b4 and c3.
^ Heinrich Marzell : The orchids in sexual folklore. In: Gender and Society. Volume 14, (Dresden) 1926, pp. 211-223.
^ J. Hermann Baas: The historical development of the medical status and the medical sciences. Leipzig 1896; Reprint Wiesbaden 1967, p. 210.
↑ RM Bateman: Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximizing explicit evidence and minimizing authoritarian speculation. In: Journal Europäische Orchideen , Volume 41, 2009, pp. 243-318.
↑ JMH Shaw: Quart. Suppl. Int. Reg. Orchid Hybrids. In: Orchid Review. An Illustrated Monthly Journal Devoted to Orchidology in all its Branches. Kingsteignton, ... , Suppl., 125, 1319, September 2017, p. 58.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany. Verlag AHO Thuringia Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
↑ RM Bateman, AM Pridgeon, MW Chase: Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto. In: Lindleyana , Volume 12, 1997, pp. 113-141.

Web links

Commons : Knabenkräuter ( Orchis ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wikispecies: orchids ( Orchis ) - Directory of species

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Török2013-1] Péter Török, Tamás Miglécz et al .: New thousand-seed weight records of the Pannonian flora and their application in analyzing Social Behavior Types. In: Acta Botanica Hungarica. Volume 55, No. 3-4, 2013, pp. 429-472. doi : 10.1556 / ABot.55.2013.3-4.17 , PDF on researchgate.net (PDF; 463 kB), accessed on December 5, 2017.

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS. 1-71827. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Orchis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 16, 2020.

[3] Walther Ryff : Confect Büchlin and Hausz Apoteck. Frankfurt am Main 1544; Reprint Munich 1983, b4 and c3.

[4] Heinrich Marzell : The orchids in sexual folklore. In: Gender and Society. Volume 14, (Dresden) 1926, pp. 211-223.

[5] J. Hermann Baas: The historical development of the medical status and the medical sciences. Leipzig 1896; Reprint Wiesbaden 1967, p. 210.

[Bateman2009-6] RM Bateman: Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximizing explicit evidence and minimizing authoritarian speculation. In: Journal Europäische Orchideen , Volume 41, 2009, pp. 243-318.

[Shaw2017-7] JMH Shaw: Quart. Suppl. Int. Reg. Orchid Hybrids. In: Orchid Review. An Illustrated Monthly Journal Devoted to Orchidology in all its Branches. Kingsteignton, ... , Suppl., 125, 1319, September 2017, p. 58.

[AHO2005-8] AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany. Verlag AHO Thuringia Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .

[BatemanPridgeonChase1997-9] RM Bateman, AM Pridgeon, MW Chase: Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto. In: Lindleyana , Volume 12, 1997, pp. 113-141.