Spy orchid

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Spy orchid
Spitzels orchid (Orchis spitzelii)

Spitzels orchid ( Orchis spitzelii )

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Orchidoideae
Tribe : Orchideae
Sub tribus : Orchidinae
Genre : Orchids ( orchis )
Type : Spy orchid
Scientific name
Orchis spitzelii
Saut. ex WDJKoch

Orchis spitzelii ( orchis spitzelii ) is a plant from the genus orchids ( orchis ) in the family of orchid (Orchidaceae). It is one of the very rare orchids in Central Europe; in Germany it became extinct for a long time, in Austria and Switzerland only one place of discovery is currently confirmed.

description

Habitus
Section from the inflorescence
inflorescence
Zygomorphic flower frontal
Zygomorphic flower on the side

Vegetative characteristics

Spitzels orchid is a deciduous, perennial , herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 14 and 35 centimeters. This geophyte forms two relatively small, elongated to spherical bulbs as persistence organs. The strong, cylindrical stem is green and overflowing with wine red in the upper area.

Three to five protruding to almost upright foliage leaves are heaped in rosettes at the base, two to four smaller others surround the stem in a sheathed manner. The glossy and unspotted leaf blade is egg-shaped to lanceolate with a length of 1.4 to 3.6 centimeters and a width of 3.5 to 10 centimeters.

Generative characteristics

In the cylindrical and 3.5 to 11 centimeter long inflorescence , 8 to 25 (rarely up to 35) flowers are moderately close together. The bracts are membranous, red-violet, about as long as the ovary .

The hermaphroditic, zygomorphic , threefold flowers are medium-sized (compared to other species in the genus). Sepals (sepals) and the lateral petals (petals) are blunt, olive green, outside overflow purple brown, red-brown inside with strokes or dots and form a loose, the column covering helmet often somewhat projecting lateral falls. The sepals are egg-shaped, 7 to 11 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide. The petals are obliquely elongated and 5.5 to 8 mm long.

The lip is three-lobed with a central lobe outlined at the tip, 9 to 14 mm long and (spread) 11 to 18 mm wide and folded lengthways. It is pink to purple in color, lighter at the base, and often densely covered with dark purple colored papillae that reach into the lateral and middle lobes. The middle lobe is broadly spatulate, protruding, 4 to 5 mm long, 7 to 9 mm wide, often notched at the edge, longer than the side lobes. The side lobes are spatulate and turned back. Two step-shaped calluses are formed at the entrance to the spur. The spur is often light-colored, conical-cylindrical, 8 to 9.5 mm long and 3.5 to 4 mm thick at the entrance, often slightly curved, about as long as the lip and forming an acute angle with it when viewed from the side and almost like that long as the ovary .

The pollinaries are long-stalked and have a common adhesive disc, but separate pouches. The seeds measure 0.48 to 0.56 mm × 0.15 to 0.22 mm.

The flowering period extends from May to July, depending on the region and location.

Spitzel's orchid is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 40.

ecology

According to studies on the remaining Austrian population , snow and the winter cold as well as constant soil moisture at an early stage are decisive for the flowering ability of a plant specimen. Summer drought is less relevant as it would fall into the dormant phase of the plant anyway.

The pollination is usually done by bees and wild bees .

Occurrence, Conservation and Endangerment

On the slopes of the mountains in the Vercors , Spitzels orchid can be found more often.

Orchis spitzelii occurs from Europe to Iran and North Africa and is a species with mainly Mediterranean-montane distribution. However, it does not have a closed distribution area, but a disjoint area with z. Sometimes very widely spaced sites. There are also some similar and closely related species in the Mediterranean region. In the north of its area the species is more heat-loving, towards the south it moves to cooler locations (higher places, northern slopes). Certain distribution centers of the species are in the French southwestern Alps ( Vercors , Haute-Provence ), and on the Italian southern edge of the Alps ( Trentino ) as well as in the Iberian high mountains and on the Balkans . Furthermore, Orchis spitzelii occurs isolated far from the main area on the Swedish Baltic Sea island Gotland . It is assumed that these island-like occurrences are relict sites of a formerly larger area of ​​distribution of this developmentally relatively old orchid species.

In Germany the species has been extinct for over 100 years, in Switzerland and Austria there is only one place of discovery. The only known occurrence in Germany was in Baden-Württemberg . The historical occurrence on Nagold Schlossberg is documented. According to the Botanische Zeitung 1845, the species was found there by the pharmacist Openinger. One reads as the cause of the disappearance that it was "botanized away" or that the location was destroyed by "road construction".

According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 480–490 meters, France 600–1920 meters, Switzerland 1800–2000 meters, Austria 700–1800 meters, Italy 750–2000 meters. In Europe the limits are from 1 meter in Gotland to 2000 meters; in Turkey it even rises to 2100 meters above sea level.

On the island of Gotland, Orchis spitzelii was initially not recognized when it was discovered in 1914, but instead referred to by the discoverer Thore Fries as " Orchis mascula in a different form, reminiscent of Orchis morio ". Only B. Petterson recognized them correctly in 1940 and described the Gotland clan as Orchis spitzelii var. Gotlandica .

The locations of this type are very different from region to region. It occurs in montane pine, beech and mixed forests or grows on alpine meadows and stony to rocky mountain slopes with little vegetation. Spitzels orchid is considered limestone . In the Alps, the species is between about 800 to 1800  m above sea level. Widespread above sea level , but on Gotland ( Sweden ) it occurs at sea level. Orchis spitzelii is often the only orchid species in its growing areas .

Like all orchid species found in Europe, Spitzels orchid is under the strictest protection of European and national laws.

  • Red list Germany: 0
  • Red List Switzerland: CR (Critically Endangered - critically endangered)
  • Red list Austria: no information available.

Systematics

The first descriptive name ( Basionym ) still valid today is Orchis spitzelii Saut. ex WDJKoch (1837). A synonym is Orchis patens subsp. spitzelii (Saut. ex W.Koch) Á.Löve & Kjellq. 1973.

Spitzels marsh orchid was discovered in 1835 by forest adviser Anton von Spitzel (1807-1853) from Munich in the state of Salzburg (Austria) and named in his honor as Orchis spitzelii by Anton Eleutherius Sauter in the synopsis florae germanicae et helveticae by Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch . The epithet spitzelii is a Latinized name and honors the discoverer.

Within the genus Orchis , Orchis spitzelii belongs to the family of the "Patentes". In addition to Orchis spitzelii , there are some Mediterranean species such as Orchis anatolica (Turkey), Orchis bungii (Iran), Orchis canariensis (Canary Islands), Orchis cazorlensis (Spain), Orchis patens (Atlas, Liguria) and Orchis prisca (Crete) with smaller areas of distribution. According to Rafaël Govaerts, Orchis bungii , Orchis prisca and Orchis cazorlensis are placed as subspecies of Orchis spitzelii .

Subspecies, varieties, hybrids

According to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , the following subspecies can be distinguished:

  • Orchis spitzelii subsp. cazorlensis (Lacaita) D. Rivera & Lopez Velez (Syn .: Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita , Orchis laxiflora subsp. cazorlensis (Lacaita) O.Bolòs & Vigo ): It occurs in Spain, the Balearic Islands and Morocco.
  • Orchis spitzelii subsp. nitidifolia (WPTeschner) Soó (Syn .: Orchis patens subsp. nitidifolia W.P. Teschner , Orchis prisca Hautz. ): This endemic occurs only in Crete.
  • Orchis spitzelii subsp. spitzelii (Syn .: Orchis bungii Hautz. , Orchis spitzelii var. gotlandica B.Pett. 1940, Orchis spitzelii subsp. gotlandica (B.Pett.) Á.Löve & D.Löve 1948): It comes from northeastern Spain to Iran , in northern Algeria and on the island of Gotland . The Gotland clan is called either a variety ( Orchis spitzelii var. Gotlandica ) or a subspecies ( Orchis spitzelii subsp. Gotlandica ). Since the differences to the nominate form are not particularly pronounced, one tends to classify it as a variety.

The hybridization with other species of orchids is possible hybrids as described (u a, according to G. Blaich..):

See also

literature

Standard literature on orchids:

  • Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
  • Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
  • Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
  • Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8 (good work on the subject of systematics).
  • Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
  • John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott : Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .

Special literature on spy orchid:

  • Pierre Delforge: Une station de l ' Orchis spitzelii Sauter en France. In: Orchidophile. Volume 46, 1981, pp. 1829-1833.
  • D. Hertel: About the occurrence of Orchis spitzelii Koch in the Valais. In: Bulletin de la Murithienne, Société Valaisanne des Sciencies Naturelles. Volume 106, 1988, pp. 75-78.
  • A. Kessler: Orchis spitzelii Sauter ex Koch (1837), Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce and Orchis palustris Jacq. on Gotland. In: Bulletin of the Working Group Native Orchids Baden-Württemberg. Volume 25, No. 4, 1993, pp. 448-452.
  • J.-M. Lewin: Orchis spitzelii Saut. dans les Pyrénées-Orientales: ça fait un sacré bout de temps que j'y suis !!! In: Moons of the Plant. Volume 459, 1997, pp. 27-28, 66.
  • A. Ch. Mrkvicka: Orchis spitzelii Sauter ex Koch (1837) in the Eastern Alps. In: Bulletin of the Working Group Native Orchids Baden-Württemberg. Volume 24, No. 4, 1992, pp. 669-678.
  • G. Perazza: Orchis spitzelii Sauter ex WDJKoch in Trentino e nelle zone limitrofe (Northern Italy). In: Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto, Sezione: Archeologia, Storia, Scienze Naturali. Volume 12, 1996, pp. 147-176 ( PDF file ).
  • J. van der Straaten, K. Laarhoven, W. van Kruijsbergen: Het Voorkomen van Orchis spitzelii in de zuidoostelijke Vercors. In: Eurorchis. Volume 14, 2002, pp. 45-62.
  • Ch. Wegenke: Orchis spitzelii and Limodorum trabutianum on Mallorca. In: Reports from the working groups for domestic orchids. Volume 14, No. 1, 1997, pp. 81-82.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Pierre Delforge: Guide des Orchidees d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Proche-Orient. 3rd edition, entierement revue et corrigée. Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-603-01323-8 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
  3. ^ A b Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch: Synopsis florae Germanicae et Helveticae […] [Sectio secunda]. 1st ed., F. Wilmans, Frankfurt am Main 1837-1838, p. 686 (online) .
  4. ^ Siegfried Künkele, Helmut Baumann: Orchis spitzelii Sauter 1837 . In: O. Sebald et al .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 8, pages 389-390. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  5. ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition Volume 8, page 390. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  6. ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Orchis - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved December 19, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Spitzels Knabenkraut ( Orchis spitzelii )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Spitzels orchid ( Orchis spitzelii )  - species directory

Distribution maps:

Regional / Special Links: