Aloes

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Aloes
Aloe hereroensis at the Auob Rivier in Namibia

Aloe hereroensis
at the Auob Rivier in Namibia

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Grass trees (Xanthorrhoeaceae)
Subfamily : Affodilla family (Asphodeloideae)
Genre : Aloes
Scientific name
aloe
L.
The leaves of Aloe descoingsii are only 3 centimeters long.
Aloe succotrina racemose inflorescence .

The aloes ( Aloe ) are a genus of plants from the subfamily of the Affodill family (Asphodeloideae). The genus includes over 500 species .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The aloe species are perennial , leaf succulent plants. They grow trunkless, shrubby or tree-shaped. The trunk can be simple or branched. Its stalk-encompassing leaves are rosettes, two-lined or are scattered around the stem axis.

The shape of the leaves is usually more or less triangular, lanceolate or sickle-shaped and sometimes linear. The leaf margin is usually provided with soft or piercing, triangular teeth, which are usually more densely packed near the base of the leaf . The surface of the leaves, uniformly colored or covered with whitish or light green spots, is bare or sometimes covered with short spines . The leaves are rarely fibrous . If the leaves are injured, a bitter yellow or brown juice is usually released.

Inflorescences and flowers

Malachite nectar bird ( Nectarinia famosa ) on aloe

The mostly more or less upright inflorescence appears to the side, is simple or branched and consists of cylindrical or capillary, racemose partial inflorescences , with sometimes one-sided flowers . The zygomorphic flowers are petiolate and have bracts . You are rarely seated. When the fruit is ripe, the flower stalk is often elongated. The flower base is rounded, truncated or narrowed. The usually red or yellow, rarely white, glabrous, rarely downy-haired flowers are cylindrical at the base, then mostly triangular. They are slightly compressed on the sides and are usually curved. The flowers are pre-male. The three outer tepals are mostly fused at the base at the edge, the tips are free-standing. The inner three tepals are mostly free-standing at the edges, but connected backwards (dorsally) to the outer flower tube. There are six stamens . The anthers are usually partially protruding or protrude from the inflorescence by 1 to 6 millimeters. The simple stylus has a heady scar .

The flowers of most aloes are pollinated by birds ( ornithophilia ). The adaptation to different bird species serves as a hybridization barrier between different aloe species. Species with little concentrated nectar in long corolla tubes are mainly pollinated by long-beaked nectar birds (Nectariniidae). Aloe species with shorter corolla tubes and water-rich nectar are pollinated by less specialized birds with shorter beaks. Aloe species that share common pollinators, on the other hand, usually flower at different times. A few species of aloe with short-stemmed whitish or cream-colored flowers such as Aloe inconspicua , Aloe minima and Aloe linearifolia are mainly pollinated by insects.

Fruits and seeds

The fruits are usually capsules or sometimes berries . They contain angular or flattened, black or brown seeds with mostly narrow, membranous wings.

genetics

The basic chromosome number is x = 7.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Aloe is mainly found in the south and east of Africa and on offshore islands such as Madagascar and Mascarene as well as in the southwest of the Arabian Peninsula . Three species ( Aloe buettneri , Aloe macrocarpa and Aloe schweinfurthii ) can be found in West Africa .

The first scientific description was made in 1753 by Carl von Linné . The following species and hybrids belong to the genus Aloe :

Species of the genus Aloe

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G

H

I.

J

K

L.

M.

N

O

P

R.

S.

T

U

V

W.

Y

Z

Based on more recent phylogenetic studies, Olwen Megan Grace and co-workers suggested various taxonomic changes in early 2013. The species of the genus Chortolirion are included in the genus Aloe , Aloe plicatilis is included in the monotypic genus Kumara Medik. (1786) referred back. The authors propose two new genera: Aloidendron (A. Berger) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. and Aloiampelos Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. . Six tree-shaped aloes are classified into the new genus Aloidendron : Aloe barberae , Aloe dichotoma , Aloe eminens , Aloe pillansii , Aloe ramosissima and Aloe tongaensis . The new genus Aloiampelos comprises the seven mainly climbing aloes Aloe ciliaris , Aloe commixta , Aloe decumbens , Aloe gracilis , Aloe juddii , Aloe striatula and Aloe tenuior .

Hybrids

The following hybrids within the genus Aloe (questioning hybrids) are known:

Different species of the genus Aloe are involved in generic hybrids (intergeneric hybrids):

  • × Algastoloba D.M.Cumming
    = Aloe × Astroloba × Gasteria
  • × Alolirion G.D.Rowley
    = Aloe × Chortolirion
  • × Aloloba G.D.Rowley
    = Aloe × Astroloba
  • × Alworthia G.D.Rowley
    = Aloe × Haworthia
  • × Bayerara D.M.Cumming
    = Aloe × Gasteria × Haworthia
  • × Gasteraloe Guillaumin
    = Aloe × Gasteria
Synonyms

Synonyms of the genus are Kumara Medik. (1786), Lomatophyllum Willd. (1811), Rhipidodendrum Spreng. (1811), Phylloma Ker Gawl. (1813), Rhipidodendrum Willd. (1817, nom. Invalid ICBN -Article 61.1), Pachidendron Haw. (1821), Bowiea Haw. (1827, noun rejectum), Pachidendron Dumort. (1829, nom. Invalid ICBN -Article 61.1), Agriodendron Endl. (1836), Succosaria Raf. (1840), Ariodendron Meisn. (1842), Busipho Salisb. (1866), Ptyas Salisb. (1866), Chamaealoe A.Berger (1905) × Lomataloe Guillaumin (1931), Leptaloe Stapf (1933), Guillauminia A.Bertrand (1956) and Lemeea P.V.Heath (1993).

Danger

With the exception of Aloe vera , all Aloe species were included in Appendix II of the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species . Aloe albida , Aloe albiflora , Aloe alfredii , Aloe bakeri , Aloe bellatula , Aloe calcairophila , Aloe compressa (including Aloe compressa var. Paucituberculata , Aloe compressa var. Rugosquamosa and Aloe compressa var. Schistophila ) are also protected by inclusion in Appendix I , Aloe delphinensis , Aloe descoingsii , Aloe fragilis , Aloe haworthioides (including Aloe haworthioides var. Aurantiaca ), Aloe helenae , Aloe laeta , (including Aloe laeta var. Maniaensis ), Aloe parallelifolia , Aloe parvula , Aloe pillansii , Aloe polyphylhii , Aloe polyphylla , Aloe suzannae , Aloe versicolor and Aloe vossii .

proof

literature

  • Alwin Berger: Aloe . In: Adolf Engler (ed.): The plant kingdom. Regni vegetablilis conspectus . Issue 33: Liliaceae-Asphodeloideae-Aloineae, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1908, pp. 159–326 (online) .
  • Estrela Figueiredo, Gideon F. Smith: What's in a name: epithets in Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) and what to call the next new species . In: Bradleya . Volume 28, 2010, pp. 79-102.
  • Walter C. Holmes, Heather L. White: Aloe . In: Flora of North America , Volume 26, p. 410 (online).
  • Leonard Eric Newton: Aloe . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Monocotyledons . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 104-193 .
  • Gideon F. Smith, Colin C. Walker, Estrela Figueiredo: What's in a name: an update on epithets used in Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) . In: Bradleya . Volume 29, 2011, pp. 179-181 ( PDF ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christo Botes, Steven D. Johnson, Richard M. Cowling: Coexistence of succulent tree aloes: partitioning of bird pollinators by floral traits and flowering phenology. In: Oikos. Volume 117, number 6, 2008, pp. 875-882, doi : 10.1111 / j.0030-1299.2008.16391.x .
  2. ↑ C. Botes, PD Wragg, SD Johnson: New evidence for bee-pollination systems in Aloe (Asphodelaceae: Aloideae), a predominantly bird-pollinated genus. In: South African Journal of Botany . Volume 75, number 4, 2009, pp. 675-681, DOI: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2009.07.010 .
  3. ↑ Species Plantarum . Volume 1, pp. 319, 1753; on-line
  4. ↑ Olwen Megan Grace, Ronell R. Klopper, Gideon F. Smith, Neil R. Crouch, Estrela Figueiredo, Nina Ronsted, Abraham E. van Wyk: A revised generic classification for Aloe (Xanthorrhoeaceae subfam. Asphodeloideae) . In: Phytotaxa . Volume 76, number 1, 2013, pp. 7-14 ( doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.76.1.1 ).
  5. ↑ Appendices I, II and III valid from April 3, 2012 . (accessed on August 10, 2012).

First descriptions since 2009

  1. ↑ J.-B. Castillon: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 83, 2009, pp. 30-31.
  2. ↑ a b c Rokiman Letsara, Solofo Rakotoarisoa, Frank Almeda: Three new Aloe species from Madagascar . In: Malagasy Nature . Volume 6, 2012, pp. 46-55 ( PDF ).
  3. ^ A b T. A. McCoy, J. Lavranos: Two new additions to the genus Aloe from Somalia . In: Cactus World . Volume 33, Number 3, 2015, pp. 179-184.
  4. ↑ J.-B. Castillon: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 83, 2009, p. 31.
  5. ^ A b Jean-Bernard Castillon: Two new Aloe taxa (Asphodelaceae) from the vicinity of the town of Ambatofinandrahana, Madagascar . In: CactusWorld . Volume 29, Number 1, 2011, pp. 51-55.
  6. ↑ Tom A. McCoy: A remarkable new aloe species from South Sudan . In: Avonia . Volume 34, Number 4, 2016, pp. 196-201.
  7. ↑ a b c d Sebsebe Demissew, Ib Friis, Tesfaye Awas, Paul Wilkin, Odile Weber, Steve Bachman, Inger Nordal: Four new species of Aloe (Aloaceae) from Ethiopia, with notes on the ethics of describing new taxa from foreign countries . In: Kew Bulletin . Volume 66, Number 1, 2011, pp. 111-121 ( doi: 10.1007 / s12225-011-9263-2 ).
  8. ^ Jean-Bernard Castillon: Aloe bernardii, un Aloe nouveau de la region d'Ikalamavony . In: Cactus Aventures International . Number 89, 2011, pp. 25-27.
  9. ↑ Gideon F. Smith, Estrela Figueiredo, Ronell R. Klopper, Neil. R. Crouch: Summer-flowering species of maculate Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) in the Aloe zebrina-complex from South Africa: reinstatement of four names, and description of A. braamvanwykii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo . In: Bradleya . Volume 30, 2012, p. 162.
  10. ^ A b Thomas C Cole, Thomas G Forrest: Two New Aloe Species From Uganda . In: Cactus and Succulent Journal . Volume 83, Number 1, Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2011, pp. 28-38 ( doi: 10.2985 / 0007-9367-83.1.28 ).
  11. ↑ J.-P. Castillon: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 81, 2009, pp. 12-15.
  12. ^ Ernst J. van Jaarsveld: Aloe condyae, a new cliff-dwelling aloe from Mpumalanga, Republic of South Africa . In: Bradleya . Volume 30, 2012, p. 169.
  13. ^ Jean-Philippe Castillon: A new small aloe (Asphodelaceae) from the north-eastern coast of Madagascar . In: CactusWorld . Volume 27, Number 3, 2009, pp. 177-179.
  14. ^ Norbert Rebmann: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 84, 2009, p. 29.
  15. ^ Norbert Rebmann: In: International Cactus Adventures . P. 84, 2009, p. 30.
  16. ↑ J.-B. Castillon: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 85, 2010, p. 7.
  17. ^ Norbert Rebmann: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 82, 2009, pp. 2-6.
  18. ^ RR Klopper, GF Smith: Asphodelaceae: Alooideae. Aloe hahnii, a new species in the Pictae section, in the Soutpansberg Center of Endemism, Limpopo Province, South Africa . In: Bothalia . Volume 39, Number 1, 2009, pp. 98-100.
  19. ^ Ernst J. van Jaarsveld, Wessel Swanepoel: Aloe huntleyana, a new species from the Baynes Mountains, Namibia . In: Bradleya . Volume 30, 2012, p. 3.
  20. ↑ Maurizio Dioli: Aloe ikiorum: A new species from Uganda . In: Cactus and Succulent Journal . Volume 83, number 6, 2011, pp. 270-274 ( doi: 10.2985 / 0007-9367-83.6.270 ).
  21. ^ Jean-Bernard Castillon: Aloe johannis-philippei, a new Aloe (Asphodelaceae) from the high mountains of central Madagascar . In: CactusWorld . Volume 27, Number 1, 2009, pp. 51-56.
  22. ↑ EJ van Jaarsveld: Aloe kamnelii, a new cliff-dwelling species of Aloe section Aloe series Rhodacanthae from the Western Cape (South Africa) . In: Aloe . Volume 46, Number 2, 2009, pp. 36-45.
  23. ↑ Aloe . Volume 48, Number 3, 2011, pp. 64-66.
  24. ↑ Sarel J. Marais: In: Aloe . Volume 47, Number 4, 2010, pp. 96-99.
  25. ↑ Gideon F. Smith, Estrela Figueiredo, Ronell R. Klopper, Neil R. Crouch: Aloe maculata All. (Asphodelaceae) in the Free State Province, South Africa, and resurrection of 'var. ficksburgensis'. In: Bradleya . Volume 30, 2012, p. 15.
  26. ^ A b Jean-Philippe Castillon: Two new species of Aloe (Asphodelaceae) from Madagascar . In: CactusWorld . Volume 30, Number 3, pp. 163-169.
  27. ↑ J.-B. Castillon: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 85, 2010, pp. 2–5.
  28. ^ Ernst J. van Jaarsveld: Aloe mocamedensis, a new species from the Namib Desert, south-western Angola . In: Bradleya . Volume 30, 2012, p. 173.
  29. ↑ M. Uleh, LE Newton: A new varie-ty of Aloe morijensis S.Carter & Brandham in Kenya . In: Cactus World . Volume 33, Number 2, 2015, pp. 123-124.
  30. ↑ Anthon Ellert: Aloe mossurilensis Ellert sp. nov. A long-overlooked species from northern. Mocambique . In: Alsterworthia International . Volume 8, Number 1, 2008, pp. 24-28.
  31. ^ Anthon Ellert: In: Alsterworthia International . Volume 10, number 1, 2010, p. 6.
  32. ^ Jean-Bernard Castillon: A new Aloe (Asphodelaceae) from the area of ​​Fort Dauphin, Madagascar . In: CactusWorld . Volume 29, Number 4, 2011, pp. 217-219.
  33. ^ RR Klopper, GF Smith: Notes on African plants. Asphodelaceae: Alooideae. Aloe neilcrouchii, a new robust leptaloe from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa . In: Bothalia . Volume 40, Number 1, 2010, pp. 93-96.
  34. ^ Jean-Bernard Castillon: Rectification of a mistake by GWReynolds on a Malagasy Aloe (Asphodelaceae) and description of a new species . In: Bradleya . Volume 27, 2009, p. 152.
  35. ↑ Gideon F. Smith, NRCrouch: Aloe nicholsii GIDEON F. SM. & NR CORUCH (Asphodelaceae): a new leptoaloe from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa . In Bradleya . Volume 28, 2010, pp. 103-106.
  36. ^ LE Newton: A new species of Aloe in Tanzania with second flowers . In: Cactus World . Volume 33, number 1, 2015, pp. 50-52.
  37. ↑ Mats Thulin: Aloe nugalensis sp. nov. (Asphodelaceae), a new gypsum endemic from northeastern Somalia . In: Nordic Journal of Botany . Volume 30, Number 6, 2012, pp. 729-731 ( doi: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2011.01323.x ).
  38. ^ A. Ellert: Aloe perdita, a long-lost species from the Chimanimani Mountains on the. Zimbabwe / Mocambique border . In: Aloe . Volume 45, Number 4, 2008, pp. 76-77.
  39. ↑ J.-P. Castillon: In: International Cactus Adventures . Number 81, 2009, pp. 18-19.
  40. ↑ Mary E. Barkworth, Ahmed Ibrahim Awale & Faisal Jama Gelle. 2019. Dacar Cas / Somali Red Aloe: A New Species of Aloe (Asphodelaceae) from Somaliland. PhytoKeys. 117: 85-97. DOI: 10.3897 / phytokeys.117.28226
  41. ^ Giuseppe Orlando, Marwan El Azzouni: A new, cliff-dwelling aloe from south-east Yemen . In: CactusWorld . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010, pp. 207-210.
  42. ^ Neil R. Crouch, Gideon F. Smith: Aloe sharoniae NRCrouch & Gideon F.Sm. (Asphodelaceae): species rank for a leptoaloe from southern Africa . In: Bradleya . Volume 29, 2011, pp. 115-120, ( PDF ).
  43. ^ Jean-Bernard Castillon: In: Cactus Aventures International . Number 90, 2011, pp. 2–5.
  44. ^ A b Leonard E. Newton: Two new species of Aloe in Kenya . In: Bradleya . Volume 29, 2011, pp. 57-60.
  45. ^ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: Aloe tongaensis, a new species from Tongaland KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), and a new sectional arrangement of the tree Aloe . In: Aloe . Volume 47, Number 3, 2010, pp. 4-11.
  46. ^ TA McCoy, JJ Lavranos: A new species from Aloe from the Sudan, and the answer to a long-standing mystery . In: Cactus World . Volume 33, Number 1, 2015, pp. 27-34.
  47. ^ Jean-Philippe Castillon: Révision du groupe de l'Aloe divaricate Berger; correction d'une synonymy, combinaisons nouvelles et description d'un nouvel hybride . In: Adansonia . Volume 34, Number 1, 2012, pp. 13-21 ( doi: 10.5252 / a2012n1a2 ).
  48. ↑ Joël Lodé: Description of a new Nothotaxon in the genus Aloe (Asphodelaceae) in Socotra: Aloe × buzairiensis J. Lodé nothosp. nov. In: Cactus Aventures International . Number 85, 2010

Further literature

  • S. Carter, JJ Lavranos, LE Newton, CC Walker: Aloes. The definitive guide . Kew Publishing, London 2011, ISBN 978-1-84246-439-7 .
  • Jean-Bernard Castillon: The Aloe of Madagascar . By the Author, 2010, ISBN 978-2-7466-1872-5 .
  • Charles Craib: Grass aloes in the South African veld . Umdaus Press, Hatfield 2005, ISBN 1-919766-40-5 .
  • Olwen Megan Grace: Contributions to the systematics and biocultural value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) . PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 2009 ( online ).
  • Olwen Megan Grace, Ronell R. Klopper, Gideon F. Smith, Neil R. Crouch, Estrela Figueiredo, Nina Ronsted, Abraham E. van Wyk: A revised generic classification for Aloe (Xanthorrhoeaceae subfam. Asphodeloideae) . In: Phytotaxa . Volume 76, number 1, 2013, pp. 7-14 ( doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.76.1.1 ).
  • WJ Jankowitz: Aloes from South West Africa . Department of Nature Conservation and Tourism, Administration of South West Africa, Windhoek 1975.
  • Eric Judd: What aloe is that? Purnell, Cape Town / Johannesburg 1967, ISBN 0-360-00013-4 .
  • Michael J. Kimberley: Succulent Plants of Zimbabwe and Their Conservation . Excelsa, Volume 18, Aloe, Cactus, and Succulent Society of Zimbabwe, 1997.
  • Ronell R. Klopper, S. Matos, Estrela Figueiredo, Gideon F. Smith: Aloe in Angola (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) . In: Bothalia . Volume 39, number 1, 2009, pp. 19-35 ( PDF ).
  • Ronell R. Klopper, Gideon F. Smith: The Genus Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa . In: Haseltonia . Number 16, 2011, pp. 16-53 ( doi: 10.2985 / 1070-0048-16.1.16 ).
  • Stewart Lane: A field guide to the aloes of Malawi . Umdaus Press, Hatfield 2004, ISBN 1-919766-27-8 .
  • Jonas M. Lüthy: The Aloes and Euphorbias of CITES Appendix I & the genus Pachypodium . FVO, Bern 2006.
  • Leonard E. Newton, Urs Eggli, Gordon D. Rowley: CITES Aloe and Pachypodium checklist . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2001, ISBN 1-84246-034-X ( PDF , 2007 update ).
  • Gilbert Westacott Reynolds: The Aloes of South Africa . Aloes of South Africa Book Fund, Johannesburg 1950.
  • Gilbert Westacott Reynolds: The Aloes of Nyasaland . Nyasaland Society and African Book Center of Nyasaland, 1954.
  • Gilbert Westacott Reynolds: The Aloes of tropical Africa and Madagascar . The Aloes Book Fund, Mbabane 1966.
  • Gideon F. Smith, Braam Van Wyk: Aloes in Southern Africa . Struik, Cape Town 2008, ISBN 978-1-77007-462-0 .
  • Oliver West, Michael J. Kimberley: Aloes of Zimbabwe . 2nd edition, Longman Zimbabwe, Harare 1992, ISBN 0-582-64163-2 .

Web links

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