Swiss chard

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Swiss chard
Synonyms Cabbage stalk
Swiss chard leaves

Swiss chard leaves

Art Beta vulgaris

Subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

group Cicla group, Flavescens group
origin Mediterranean area
known since approx. 400 BC Chr.
Yellow and red Swiss chard
Swiss chard with different colored stems

Mangold ( Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris , Kultivargruppen cicla group and Flavescens group) deutschschweizerisch also chard called, is a vegetable plant. It is a cultivated form of the beet , related to the sugar beet , the fodder beet and the beetroot , and comes from the wild beet or sea chard ( Beta vulgaris subsp. Maritima ) that grows along the coastline . It belongs to the subfamily Betoideae in the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). Swiss chard can also be used as a substitute for stem cabbage or turnip stalk .

With its long-stalked leaves up to 30 centimeters long, the Swiss chard makes a vegetable that is purely similar to spinach in appearance . There are numerous varieties with different leaf colors (pale, yellow, light to dark green and dark red), the leaves can be wrinkled or smooth. The leaves and stems are consumed, but not the roots.

etymology

Today's word "Mangold" goes back to Middle High German mannegolt or mangolt and Old High German mānegolt . The exact origin is uncertain or speculative.

Cultural forms

There are two basic cultivars of the Swiss chard. Their scientific naming has changed frequently, categorizing them as subspecies, varieties, or forms. In the meantime, all cultivated forms are only classified in cultivar groups within Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris together.

  • Stalk or rib chard ( Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris Flavescens group, synonyms Beta vulgaris subsp. Flavescens , Beta vulgaris subsp. Cicla var. Flavescens , Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris var. Flavescens ), also called herb stalk , especially in Switzerland , is characterized by strongly protruding central ribs of the leaves. These are eaten with the long stems (hence the name stalked chard ) as asparagus-like vegetables. The ribs can be white or reddish. The latter have a more aromatic taste. The contemptuous term “poor man's asparagus” is increasingly taking a back seat, as Swiss chard, when appropriately prepared, is a popular summer and autumn vegetable . In early spring, the freshly drifting leaves provide the first green vegetables.
  • Cutting or sheet-Mangold , Beißkohl or Roman cabbage ( Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris cicla group, synonyms Beta vulgaris subsp. Cicla , Beta vulgaris subsp. Cicla var. Cicla , Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris var. Cicla ) drives to cut back new leaves that can be harvested again. It is hardy, sprouts again in spring and can be harvested immediately. Some forms with yellow or red petioles are also used as ornamental plants .

ingredients

Swiss chard

The plant contains an extraordinary amount of vitamin K , as well as vitamin A and vitamin E , as well as sodium , magnesium , potassium and iron . The chard root contains a lot of sugar , which in earlier times was obtained by boiling. Sugar production from the closely related sugar beet later replaced this process. The chard leaves are among the foods with very high oxalic acid content, which of kidney diseased (oxalate) is observed. The different colors of the stems are due to different mixtures of betalains .

Cultivation

Cultivation and harvest

The chard is sown in central European gardens from the end of March to April and, for autumn pruning needs, from July to mid-August. Chard sown in spring will be ready for harvest from July after a growth period of 80 to 90 days. The plant can also be grown every two years, as it only flowers after vernalization in the second vegetation period .

Neighbors in the mixed culture

Plants get along differently well with different neighbors that grow directly adjacent. An important factor in this phenomenon is allelopathy . For Swiss chard are:

gallery

  • Swiss chard with a red stem

  • Swiss chard with a yellow stem

  • Swiss chard with a white stem

  • Chard field in Italy

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 459 ( Mangold ) and 854 ( Wergeld ).
  2. ↑ Helmut Carl: The German plant and animal names: Interpretation and linguistic order. Heidelberg 1957; Reprint Heidelberg / Wiesbaden 1995, p. 195.
  3. ^ Pertti Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore). 2011 Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. ↑ Scientific names and common names of Beta vulgaris in the Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
  5. ↑ KUGLER, F., STINTZING, FC, CARLE, R. Identification of betalains from differently colored Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. Cicla [L.] Alef. Cv. "Bright Lights") by high-performance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 2975-2981 (2004).
  6. ↑ Horst Köhler: The practical garden book . C. Bertelsmann Verlag, Gütersloh 1952, p. 411
  7. ↑ Gardener Pötschke's Large Garden Book : Holzminden bei Neuss 1964, p. 97

Web links

Wiktionary: Mangold  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Mangold  - collection of images, videos and audio files