Betoideae
| Betoideae | ||||||||||||
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Wild beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp. Maritima ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Betoideae | ||||||||||||
| Ulbr. |
The Betoideae are a subfamily in the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). They used to be part of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), which are now included in the foxtail family.
features
Betoideae to include mono-, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants , perennial climbing plants ( Hablitzia tamnoides ) and half-bushes . The flowers usually have five bracts ( aphanism only three) and five stamens ( aphanism only one). The fruits of the Betoideae are capsule fruits that open with a lid.
The subfamily is divided into two tribes : In the Beteae, the flower envelope is woody at the base at the time of fruiting, and the stamens arise at the base of a fleshy arch. In the case of the Hablitzieae, however, the perianth remains membranous at the time of fruiting, and the stamens are united at the base in a membranous ring.
Distribution and location
Most of the genera of the Betoideae are widespread in western and southern Europe , in the Mediterranean region and as far as Southwest Asia; outside of the main distribution area, only the genus Aphanisma occurs on the coasts of California .
The individual species are adapted to different ecological locations. Several thrive on coasts and tolerate salty soils, some are mountain plants and grow on rock, one species grows in deciduous forests ( Hablitzia tamnoides ).
Systematics
In 1934, Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich set up the subfamily Betoideae within the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae). He divided the clan further into the tribe Hablitzieae and the tribe Beteae with the only genus Beta . This classification is confirmed by phylogenetic studies by Kadereit et al. (2006) essentially confirmed. Studies by Romeira et al. (2016), on the other hand, only showed one tribe.
The subfamily Betoideae is either placed in the extended family of the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae sensu lato , including Chenopodiaceae), or the goosefoot family (to a smaller extent, Chenopodiaceae sensu stricto ). After the subfamily Polycnemoideae was excluded in 2015 , the other subfamilies of the monophyletic, from the Amaranthaceae s. st. clearly separated group. Therefore the Chenopodiaceae s.str. also accepted in numerous scientific publications for reasons of taxonomic stability.
The Betoideae contain five genera with 13 to 20 species.
- Tribe Beteae
Moq. :
- Beet ( Beta L. ): With about eight species in Western Europe , the Mediterranean region and the Middle East . They are perennial and annual plants. With important crops, for example: sugar beet , Swiss chard , beetroot and fodder beet
- Tribe Hablitzieae Ulbr. :
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Aphanisma Nutt. ex Moq. : With the only kind:
- Aphanisma blitoides Nutt. ex Moq. : This annual plant isnativeto beaches in California .
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Hablitzia M.Bieb. : With the only kind:
- Hablitzia tamnoides M.Bieb. : This perennial spreader climber is native to deciduous forests in the Caucasus region.
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Oreobliton Durieu : With the only kind:
- Oreobliton thesioides Durieu & Moq. : This subshrub is native to North Africa and grows on limestone cliffs in the Atlas Mountains.
-
Patellifolia A.J. Scott & al. (Syn. Beta sect. Procumbentes Moq. ) Was confirmed as a separate genus. They are perennial, prostrate plants. With three species, in coastal vegetation in southwest Europe and on the Canary Islands:
- Patellifolia patellaris (Moq.) AJ Scott & al. (Syn. Beta patellaris Moq. ): On the Canary Islands and in the western Mediterranean region ( Spain , Balearic Islands , Sicily , Morocco )
- Patellifolia procumbens (Chr. Sm.) AJ Scott & al. (Syn. Beta procumbentes Chr. Sm. ): In the Canary Islands
- Patellifolia webbiana (Moq.) AJ Scott & al. (Syn. Beta webbiana Moq. ): In the Canary Islands
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Aphanisma Nutt. ex Moq. : With the only kind:
- Assignment to the Betoideae not certain: Their fruits are also capped capsules, but molecularly genetic they may belong to their own subfamily: They may be more closely related to the Corispermoideae .
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Acroglochin Schrad. ex Schult. : With the only kind
- Acroglochin persicarioides (Poiret) Moq. : it occurs from India, Kashmir, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan to China.
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Acroglochin Schrad. ex Schult. : With the only kind
Phylogenetics
The subfamily Betoideae forms, after excluding the genus Acroglochin , a monophyletic taxon . The subfamily seems to be relatively old; it was formed during the glaciation maximum of the Early Oligocene , an estimated 48.6 to 35.4 million years ago. The different lineages formed very early, about 32.5 million years ago. Today's small genera with their limited distribution areas in distant regions probably arose from the formation of numerous geographically isolated clans, many of which later became extinct.
The genus Aphanisma in California, which is geographically distant today, is most closely related to oreobliton in North Africa. Both are regarded as relic plants of a common ancestor spread via Beringia , the age of the disjunction is estimated at 15.4 to 9.2 million years.
The demarcation between Beta and Patellifolia is likely to have taken place in the late Oligocene. These two lineages tolerate drought and salty soil, so that they could also survive extremely dry ages, which led to the extinction of more sensitive members of the subfamily.
use
The beet ( Beta vulgaris L. subsp. Vulgaris ) is economically extremely important as a sugar-producing plant ( sugar beet ), and important as a vegetable ( Swiss chard , beetroot ) and as a fodder plant ( fodder beet ). In addition, this species is used as a medicinal plant , ornamental plant , coloring plant and as a renewable raw material . It is the most economically important crop within the order Caryophyllales . Therefore, their close relatives among the Betoideae, especially the genera Beta and Patellifolia , are of great importance as Crop wild relative (CWR).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Gudrun Kadereit, Sandra Hohmann & Joachim W. Kadereit: A synopsis of Chenopodiaceae subfam. Betoideae and notes on the taxonomy of Beta. , In: Willdenowia , Volume 36, 2006, pages 9-19. DOI: 10.3372 / wi.36.36101
- ^ A b Sandra Hohmann, Joachim W. Kadereit & Gudrun Kadereit: Understanding Mediterranean-Californian disjunctions: molecular evidence . In: Taxon , Volume 55, Issue 1, 2006, pages 67-78.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Maria M. Romeiras, Ana Vieira, Diogo N. Silva, Monica Moura, Arnoldo Santos-Guerra, Dora Batista, Maria Cristina Duarte, & Octávio S. Paulo: Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian Beta-Patellifolia Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny . PLoS One. 2016; 11 (3): e0152456. 8 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0152456 )
- ^ Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich: Chenopodiaceae . - In: Adolf Engler & Karl Anton Eugen Prantl: The natural plant families , 2nd ed. Volume 16c: pp. 379-584, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1934, p. 455.
- ↑ Amaranthaceae on the AP website.
- ↑ Kai Müller & Thomas Borsch: Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK / trnK sequence data - evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , 92, 2005, pp. 66-102.
- ↑ a b c Patricia Hernández-Ledesma, Walter G. Berendsohn, Thomas Borsch, Sabine Von Mering, Hossein Akhani, Salvador Arias, Idelfonso Castañeda-Noa, Urs Eggli, Roger Eriksson, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Susy Fuentes-Bazán, Gudrun Kadereit , Cornelia Klak, Nadja Korotkova, Reto Nyffeler, Gilberto Ocampo, Helga Ochoterena, Bengt Oxelman, Richard K. Rabeler, Adriana Sanchez, Boris O. Schlumpberger, Pertti Uotia: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm or Caryophyllales . In: Willdenowia . Volume 45, number 3, 2015, pp. 281-383 ( doi: 10.3372 / wi.45.45301 ).
