Flaky-handled witch bolete

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Flaky-handled witch bolete
2012-07-12 Boletus erythropus crop.jpg

Flaky-stalked witch bolete ( Neoboletus erythropus )

Systematics
Order : Boletales (Boletales)
Subordination : Boletineae
Family : Boletaceae (Boletaceae)
Pulveroboletus group
Genre : Neoboletus
Type : Flaky-handled witch bolete
Scientific name
Neoboletus erythropus
( Pers. ) C. Hahn

The flaky-stemmed witch boletus ( Neoboletus erythropus , syn .: Boletus erythropus , N. luridiformis ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the thick boletus relatives (Boletaceae). It is a common forest mushroom and is popularly called, depending on the region, cobbler , fir , thunder mushroom or gypsy (e.g. in the Bavarian Forest). The name "Schusterpilz" arose because of the suede-like surface of the hat. It is incompatible raw, but is considered an excellent edible mushroom when cooked .

features

Macroscopic features

The underside of the hat of the flaky-stemmed witch tube shows bright orange-red pores or tube mouths.
The yellow flesh of the flaky-stemmed witch's bolet turns blue-green in a very short time on contact with air.

The hat is hemispherical to cushion-shaped, but flattens out somewhat with age. It reaches a diameter between 6 and 20, sometimes 25 centimeters. The upper side is mostly colored dark brown; seldom is it lighter brown or tinted with olive parts. The hat skin is fine, velvety tomentose, but becomes bald with age. In damp weather it is a little slimy for a short time. The tubes are yellow and have an olive tone. Pressure points turn strongly blue. The pores are orange to red in color. Usually the tint is quite even over the entire diameter. The pores also turn blue on pressure.

The stem becomes between 5 and 15 centimeters long and 2 to 5 centimeters thick. It is shaped like a walnut to a club, but hardly thickened. The surface is yellow to brownish-yellow in color and coated with fine flakes. At the top of the stem these can be more yellowish. There is olive colored felt at the base; the grown mycelium has a pale yellowish tint.

The flesh is yolk yellow, sometimes slightly reddish in the base. If injured, it immediately turns a bright blue. After a few hours it will turn cloudy yellow again. The hat meat under the tube layer (tube bottom) is yellow. It has no particular smell and tastes mild. With amylon the flesh shows no reaction.

Microscopic features

The basidia are 25–40 × 9–13 (15) micrometers in size. The spores are spindle-shaped and measure 12-18 × 4.5-6.5 micrometers. The cystids are bottle-shaped to bulbous-spindle-shaped. They are more dispersed and larger around the pores; they are up to 50 micrometers long. The top layer of the hat initially has more or less erect, but soon fitting hyphae ends that are 3 to 6 micrometers thick. They are somewhat gelatinous, especially in older specimens. The end cells are cylindrical to slightly club-shaped.

Species delimitation

The net-stemmed witch bolete ( Suillellus luridus ) has a net-like pattern on the stem. In the section, there is a darker line at the point of contact between the tubes and the flesh of the hat and its tube base is tinted orange-red to orange-yellow. The short-reticulated witch's tube ( Suillelus mendax ) looks even more similar , whose reticulated and dotted stem surface is reminiscent of a mixture of flaky-stemmed and net-handled witch's tube. Reddish tones predominate on the hat and stem; also , unlike N. erythropus , S. mendax shows a clearly positive amyloid reaction in the basal peduncles.

Inexperienced collectors can confuse these species with the poisonous Satan's boletus ( Rubroboletus satanas ), which, however, has a much lighter, gray hat color - especially in the youth stage.

Ecology and phenology

The flaky-stemmed witch boletus is found primarily in red beech forests and there especially in grove beech forests . It is also very common in acidic coniferous forests, especially in cranberry-spruce-fir forests . The fungus likes to grow on the edge of bogs, but rarely in their center. Although the species can be found in many types of soil, it prefers acidic and fresh subsoil. It can also be found with superficial acidification. The fungus can hardly be found on particularly dry or very moist soils. The nitrogen content hardly influences growth, it is only rare on a strongly nitrogenous substrate.

The flaky-stemmed witch's boletus is a mycorrhizal fungus that lives in symbiosis with conifers, primarily spruces . More rarely, mostly in the lowlands, it is associated with deciduous trees such as red beeches or oaks . The fruiting bodies appear relatively early, so that finds can be made as early as May. The growth extends into October, sometimes later.

distribution

The flaky-stemmed witch's boletus is particularly widespread in Europe . It was also found in North America and one form of the species is found in North Africa . It is widespread in Europe; the area extends to the Middle East . In Germany, the fungus can often be found in suitable weather conditions and in the area of ​​the mycorrhizal partner trees.

Systematics

Yellow witch
boletus Boletus erythropus var.  Junquilleus

The variety junquilleus , in which all parts of the fruiting body are colored yellow , is of particular importance . It is probably a variant without color pigments. Other differences to the type form cannot be determined. There is also a discolor variety that reacts positively with Amylon and can be found in warm oak forests.

meaning

ingredients

The pressure occurring on or injury to the fruit body blue color is due to the contained Variegatsäure together with the entry of atmospheric oxygen by oxidases to hydroxy quinone methide is oxidized, the anion 1 causes the blue color. The red color, on the other hand, is due to variegator rubin.

Food value

In some areas it is valued more than the boletus . It is poisonous when raw, but it is a tasty edible mushroom when cooked. It is said to be even more digestible if it is blanched before preparation or preservation . The blue discoloration has no influence on the palatability; they lose themselves when blanching .

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christoph Hahn: On the taxonomy and history of the genus Boletus s. l. In: Mycologia Bavarica . tape 16 , 2015, p. 13-45 .
  2. ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.192. October 17, 2014, accessed on January 21, 2015 .
  3. ↑ Rita Lüder: Basic course mushroom determination . A practical guide for beginners and advanced users. 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-494-01341-1 , p. 165 (470 pages).
  4. ^ Alfredo Vizzini, Giampaolo Simonini, Enrico Ercole, Samuele Voyron: Boletus mendax, a new species of Boletus sect. Luridi from Italy and insights on the B. luridus complex . In: Mycological Progress . tape 13 , no. 1 , February 2014, p. 95-109 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-013-0896-4 .
  5. ↑ Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel, Edmund Michael: The most important and most common mushrooms with special consideration of the poison mushrooms . In: Handbook for mushroom lovers . 5th edition. tape 1 . VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena 1983, p. 334 .
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Steglich: mushroom dyes . In: Chemistry in Our Time . tape 9 , no. 4 , August 1975, p. 117–123 , doi : 10.1002 / ciuz.19750090404 .

Web links

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