Chestnut boletus

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Chestnut boletus
Chestnut bolet cropped.jpg

Chestnut boletus ( Imleria badia )

Systematics
Order : Boletales (Boletales)
Subordination : Boletineae
Family : Boletaceae (Boletaceae)
Subfamily : Boletoideae
Genre : Imleria
Type : Chestnut boletus
Scientific name
Imleria badia
( Fr  .: Fr. ) Vizzini

The chestnut boletus ( Imleria badia , syn .: Boletus badius and Xerocomus badius ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the thick bolete relatives (Boletaceae). In the vernacular it is also Marone called because of the hemispherical to convex, dark brown hat fruiting bodies of chestnuts recalls. Another name that also refers to the hat is brown cap - the name has also been used in retail for the Giant Trümmling for several years . The young whitish and, with age, olive-yellowish tubes, which are very blue when pressed, are striking. This is what earned it the name blue mushroom . The stem has a brown to yellowish-brown, always paler color than the hat and a typical ingrown grain. The chestnut bolet is a popular and frequent edible mushroom in acidic coniferous forests. It is approved as a market mushroom in Germany , Austria and Switzerland .

The scientific names Boletus badius and Xerocomus badius are often found in books on mushrooms . The genera of the thick boletus ( Boletus ) and felt boletus ( Xerocomus ) turned out to be polyphyletic , which is why a number of species were transferred to other genera (see also Filzböhrlinge: Systematics ). The second part of the name (epithet) badius is Latin , means "brown, maroon" and refers to the appropriately colored hat surface.

features

In damp weather, the chestnut bolet has a greasy, sticky surface.
The yellowish tubes of the chestnut boletus are blue on print.

The hat , hemispherical when young and later irregularly curved, measures 5–15 cm in diameter. The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) has a dark to chestnut brown color, but also lighter reddish brown or even olive brown tones occur. In damp weather, the otherwise velvety and matte surface of the hat becomes a bit greasy and sticky.

The round, fine-pored tubes are bulging on the stem, initially have a whitish to cream-yellow color and later turn olive-yellow to dirty olive-green. They change color to a clear blue-green on pressure.

The often cylindrical and slightly pointed at the bottom, but also bulbous, thick, bulbous and curved stem is 5–12 cm long and 1–5 cm thick. It has a brown to yellowish-brown color and is always paler in color than the hat. The smooth and matt stem bark has a typical ingrown grain.

The whitish to yellowish flesh ( trama ) is more or less blue on average and smells pleasant, slightly sour.

Species delimitation

The chestnut bolete is often mistaken for a boletus by beginners . The former, however, has no net markings on the stem, and the tubes of the boletus do not change color to blue-green when pressed, unlike the chestnut mushroom. An unpleasant but not dangerous possibility of confusion is with the bile tubule , which is inedible due to its bitter taste. Its tubes, however, are white to dirty pink in color and not blue. Otherwise the chestnut boletus can still be confused with the sand boletus and felt boletus ( goat lip or red foot boletus ), but this is not a problem, since these types are all edible and tasty.

Distribution, ecology and phenology

The chestnut bolet is widespread in Central Europe and occurs from the coast to the Alps . It grows mainly in coniferous forests , especially in old spruce forests or under larches (often between the root runners ), and occurs as early as June / July in humid summers. The main season, however, is from mid-September to late autumn in November, before the frost sets in.

meaning

The chestnut boletus, also known as "brown caps", from the acidic spruce forest are popular edible mushrooms

The chestnut bolet is one of the most productive and tasty edible mushrooms. Since it is often worm-eaten, it is particularly worth collecting young specimens. The type is suitable for almost all types of preparation and can be preserved very well by drying. As with many other mushrooms, it is not recommended to eat them raw.

Even 20 years after the Chernobyl reactor disaster, the contamination of chestnut boletus with radioactive 137 Cs was in some areas above the EU limit value for food of 600  Becquerel per kilogram. This is especially true for the area around Munich . By peeling off the hat skin, personal radioactive exposure can be significantly reduced. The cesium in the chestnut boletus is mainly enriched by the hat dyes Badion A and Norbadion A , which can complex cesium . In contrast , these two derivatives of pulvic acid are not present in the boletus .

The chestnut bolet was proclaimed edible mushroom of the year  2016 as part of the European Mushroom Day .

Common names

The following vernacular names are known in the respective European countries:

  • Denmark: Brunstokket Rørhat.
  • Germany: chestnut boletus, grass chestnuts, grass mushrooms, small boletus, Marienpilz, Marienschwamm, chestnuts, needle litter, sheep sponge, lard mushroom, fir mushroom, woman sponge, brown cap, brown cap, brown cap, brown, brown hand.
  • Estonia: Pruun sametpuravik.
  • Finland: Ruskotatti.
  • France: Bolet bai, Cèpe des châtaigniers.
  • UK: Bay Bolete.
  • Italy: Boleto baio.
  • Latvia: Lāču samtbeka.
  • Lithuania: Rudakepuris aksombaravykis.
  • Netherlands: Kastanjeboleet.
  • Norway: Svartbrun rørsopp.
  • Poland: Podgrzybek brunatny.
  • Romania: Hribul murg.
  • Sweden: Brunsopp.
  • Serbia: Kostanjevka (Kasni vrganj).
  • Slovakia: Suchohríb hnedý Suchohrib hnedý.
  • Slovenia: Kostanjasta polstenka.
  • Spain: Boleto Bayo, Hongo bayo, Madeirudo castaño, Sureny castany, Onto uar, Larru, Andoa escura.
  • Czech Republic: Hřib hnědý, suchohřib hnědý.
  • Turkey: Doru Renkli, Şişkin Mantari.
  • Hungary: Barna nemezestinóru, Barna tinorú.
  • Wallonia (Belgium): Brun bolet, Bolèt baî, Bolet bai.

Web links

Commons : Chestnut Röhrling ( Imleria badia )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

swell

literature

  • Meinhard Moser : The boletus and leaf mushrooms (Agaricales). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 1982.
  • Helmut and Renate Grünert: Mushrooms - Steinbach's natural guide. Mosaik-Verlag. 1984.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.147. May 12, 2014, accessed on June 27, 2014 .
  2. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 91 (reprint from 1996).
  3. ↑ Fritz Clemens Werner: Word elements of Latin-Greek technical terms in the biological sciences . Suhrkamp, ​​1972, ISBN 3-518-36564-9 , pp. 108 (Suhrkamp Taschenbuch 64).
  4. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-14737-9 , p. 355 (one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
  5. ↑ Andreas Bresinsky, Anette Jahn: Radiant mushrooms . Radiocesium from nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl accident. In: The Tintling . Issue 4/2011, No. 71 , 2011, ISSN  1430-595X , p. 51-64 .
  6. ↑ Martin Steiner, Lydia Hiersche: Radioactive contamination of fungi and the resulting radiation exposure of humans . In: Mycologia Bavarica . tape 12 , 2011, ISSN  1431-2042 , p. 69-85 .
  7. ↑ radioactivity of food. Forest products - recommended values ​​- measurement lists. In: Environmental Institute Munich . Retrieved July 18, 2012 .
  8. ↑ Dieter C. Aumann, Gabriele Clooth, Bert Steffan, Wolfgang Steglich: Complexation of Cesium-137 by the cap dyes of the chestnut boletus ( Xerocomus badius ) . In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 101 , no. 4 , 1989, pp. 495-496 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.19891010429 .
  9. ↑ Paul Kuad, Rachel Schurhammer, Clarisse Maechling, Cyril Antheaume, Charles Mioskowski, Georges Wipff, Bernard Spiess: Complexation of Cs +, K + and Na + by norbadione A triggered by the release of a strong hydrogen bond: nature and stability of the complexes . In: Physical chemistry chemical physics . tape 11 , 2009, p. 10299-10310 , doi : 10.1039 / B912518C .
  10. ↑ Bert Steffan, Wolfgang Steglich: The hat dyes of the chestnut boletus ( Xerocomus badius ) . In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 96 , no. 6 , 1984, pp. 435-437 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.19840960619 .
  11. ↑ Karin Montag: Common name of the chestnut boletus. July 19, 2015, accessed April 7, 2016 .