Boletus
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Common boletus ( Boletus edulis ) |
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The boletus ( boletus ) are a genus from the family of the thick boletus relatives (Boletaceae).
Under the generic name Dickröhrlinge some larger Röhrlinge were counted to Boletus earlier . More recently, new genera have been separated from the Dickröhrlingen and many species have been spun off, so that only the boletus are still part of the genus. The name boletus comes from the fact that the meat is firmer than most other mushrooms.
The type species is the common boletus ( Boletus edulis ).
features
The porcini mushrooms form medium-sized to large fruiting bodies , which are characterized by thick, basal mostly thickened stems , with a reticulate or finely flaky, rarely bare surface and tubular hymenophore . The hat is usually cushion-shaped, with a dry, fine felted or bare surface. The hat color of the individual species ranges from whitish to gray and various shades of brown to black-brown, the color of the hat can also vary within individual species. The tube layer is colored white, often yellowish to olive green due to the color of the spores. The spore powder is usually olive green, the spores are smooth and spindle-shaped. The meat ( trama ) is white, without discoloration when cut (all bluish or reddening species have been transferred to other genera). There is no velum .
ecology
The porcini mushrooms form ectomycorrhiza with different trees, whereby sometimes very specialized ecotypes occur.
distribution
The genus Boletus is distributed worldwide, it is particularly rich in species in the warm-temperate zones.
Conservation aspects
All species of the Boletus genus are protected in Germany and may only be collected in small quantities for personal use. Some species, such as the bronze bolete, are fully protected and may not be collected for food. The German Society for Mycology had chosen the bronze tube as mushroom of the year 2008.
species
In Europe, porcini mushrooms comprise around 10 species, varieties and forms.
| Ceps ( boletus ) in Europe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Summer boletus
Boletus aestivalis
Bronze boletus or black-capped
boletus Boletus aereus
Common boletus,
Boletus edulis
Pine boletus,
Boletus pinophilus
Systematics
According to more recent phylogenetic findings, the genus Boletus s. l. polyphyletic . The genus was therefore split up in 2014 and most species were transferred to other genera. The species group around the king bolete was separated into the genus Butyriboletus . In the same year the chestnut bolet was placed in the genus Imleria . Furthermore, the species around the Schönfuß Röhrling were transferred to the genus Caloboletus . The species group around Boletus sinicus such as the Satan's mushroom is now in the genus Rubroboletus . The species around the Netzstieligen Hexen-Röhrling were separated into the genus Suillellus and the species around the Flockenstieligen Hexen-Röhrling in the genus Neoboletus . The black and blue boletus was placed in the genus Cyanoboletus . The tearful witch bolete and close relatives form the genus Exudoporus . The genus Imperator was established for the ox-bolet and relatives . The genus Boletus s. st. today only includes porcini mushrooms.
The delimitation of the genus was handled differently by different authors and the species concepts within the genus also differ in part, which also results in different information on the number of species: Krieglsteiner , Gminder and Winterhoff give a number of 150-200 species worldwide, Dörfelt approx. 60. In some cases, a. the genera Zwergröhrlinge and Filzröhrlinge placed in the genus Boletus . For the separation of sections within the genus, the color of the tube mouths is primarily used, which is best tested on young fruit bodies without ripe spores; in older fruiting bodies, the color of the tube mouths is falsified by the olive shade of the spores.
meaning
Species of the genus Boletus such as the spruce boletus are known to be very popular edible mushrooms .
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ F. Werneburg: The boletus, Boletus edulis Bull. The witch's mushroom, Boletus luridus Schaeff. The field agaric , Psalliota campestris L. The tuber agaric , Amanita phalloides Fr. In: Yearbook of the Association for Scientific Pedagogy. Volume 17, 1885, pp. 238-250, p. 240.
- ↑ Carl von Linné : Species Plantarum . 1753, p. 1176 .
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Boletus. (No longer available online.) In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. January 15, 2008, archived from the original on January 23, 2013 ; Retrieved July 20, 2011 .
- ↑ DCM Beugelsdijk, S. van der Linde, GC Zuccarello, Henk C. den Bakker, SGA Draisma, Machiel Evert Noordeloos : A phylogenetic study of Boletus section Boletus in Europe . In: Persoonia . tape 20 , no. 1-7 , 2008, doi : 10.3767 / 003158508X283692 .
- ↑ Mauri Korhonen, Kare Liimatainen, Tuula Niskanen: A new boletoid fungus, Boletus pinetorum, in the Boletus section Boletus from Fennoscandia (Basidiomycota, Boletales) . In: Karstenia . tape 49 , no. 2 , 2009, ISSN 0453-3402 , p. 41-60 ( abstract online ).
- ↑ David Arora, Jonathan L. Frank: Clarifying the butter Boletes: a new genus, Butyriboletus, is established to accommodate Boletus sect. Appendiculati, and six new species are described . In: Mycologia . tape 106 , no. 3 , 2014, p. 464-480 , doi : 10.3852 / 13-052 .
- ^ Josef Šutara, Václav Janda, Martin Kříž, Michal Graca, Miroslav Kolařík: Contribution to the study of genus Boletus, section Appendiculati: Boletus roseogriseus sp. nov. and neotypification of Boletus fuscoroseus Smotl . In: Czech Mycology . tape 66 , no. 1 , June 2014, ISSN 1805-1421 , p. 1–37 ( czechmycology.org [PDF; 4.9 MB ]).
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.147. (PDF) May 12, 2014, accessed on January 16, 2015 .
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.146. (PDF) May 10, 2014, accessed on January 21, 2014 .
- ↑ Kuan Zhao, Gang Wu, Zhu L. Yang: A new genus, Rubroboletus, to accommodate Boletus sinicus and its allies . In: Phytotaxa . tape 188 , no. 2 , 2014, p. 61-77 , doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.188.2.1 .
- ↑ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.188. (PDF) September 9, 2014, accessed on January 20, 2014 .
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini, Giampaolo Simonini, Enrico Ercole, Samuele Voyron: Boletus mendax, a new species of Boletus sect. Luridi from Italy and insights on the B. luridus complex . In: Mycological Progress . tape 13 , no. 1 , February 2014, p. 95-109 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-013-0896-4 .
- ↑ Jaime B. Blanco-Dios, Guilhermina Marques: Boletus atlanticus sp. nov., a new species of section Luridi from coastal dunes of NW Spain . In: Mycotaxon . tape 122 , October – December, 2012, p. 325-332 , doi : 10.5248 / 122.325 .
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.192. (PDF) October 17, 2014, accessed on January 21, 2015 .
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.176. (PDF) July 7, 2014, accessed on January 18, 2014 .
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.183. (PDF) August 22, 2014, accessed on January 31, 2015 .
- ↑ Boris Assyov, Jean-Michel Bellanger, Paul Bertéa, Régis Courtecuisse, Gerhard Koller, Michael Loizides, Guilhermina Marques, José Antonio Muñoz, Nicolò Oppicelli, Davide Puddu, Franck Richard, Pierre-Arthur Moreau: Index Fungorum no.243. (PDF ) May 21, 2015, accessed June 23, 2015 .
