Black and blue bolete
| Black and blue bolete | ||||||||||||
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Black and blue boletus ( Cyanoboletus pulverulentus ) |
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| Cyanoboletus pulverulentus | ||||||||||||
| ( Opat. ) Vizzini , Simonini & Gelardi |
The black and blue boletus ( Cyanoboletus pulverulentus, syn. Boletus pulverulentus , Xerocomus pulverulentus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of thick boletus relatives . It used to be counted among the felt tubers. It is a rather small, but very colorful mushroom within the thick boletus . The intense black-blue discoloration on the print or in the cut is characteristic.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is cushioned, but somewhat flattened with age. It has a width of 4 to 10, sometimes 15 cm. Usually the cap is chestnut brown to reddish brown or ocher brown. More rarely it is colored lighter olive green. The surface is fine felt. When it is dry it becomes fine-cracked, when it is damp it becomes a bit slimy. Over time, the hat felt will decrease, but not entirely. The hat skin sometimes protrudes a little at the edge and is often stuck together with dry leaves and grasses. The tubes are light to lemon yellow, later olive yellow. They turn an intense blue on pressure. The pores are similar, slightly more vividly colored. They can seldom have a hint of rust. When touched, the pores turn black-blue.
The stem is up to 10 cm long and has a rather slim shape. It tapers gradually at the base. In the upper part the color is bright yellow, in the lower part orange to red-brown. The surface is covered with fine flakes that quickly disappear. The basal mycelium is light, almost white in color.
The meat is lemon-yellow in color, but when cut it immediately turns black-blue. This coloring largely fades after half an hour. After a longer period of time and where it has been eaten, the meat will be reddish brown, and when cooked it will turn dark brown. It smells pleasant and faint. Its taste is mild.
Microscopic features
The basidia measure 30-35 × 8-11 micrometers. The spores are spindle-shaped to broadly elliptical and 11–16 × 4.5–6 µm in size. The cystidia have a spindle-shaped shape, whereby they are rather slightly bulbous, sometimes also club-like. In the end, they usually come to a head. The cystides measure 40–60 × 7–12 µm. The top layer of the hat consists of 3–6 µm thick hyphae ends . The end cells are cylindrical to weakly club-shaped and usually brownish encrusted.
Species delimitation
Due to its rather thin habit, the black and blue boletus could initially be mistaken for a felt bolete . However, these show a significantly weaker blue color. Witches ' boletus , which are similarly blue in color , usually have red pores and a stockier stature.
ecology
The black and blue boletus prefers neutral to acidic beech forests, but it can also be found in other biotopes. The fungus is quite vague , but it grows almost exclusively on acidic soils. He has a preference for fresh floors and, on the other hand, avoids damp to wet, but also too dry areas. The black-and-blue bolete can form a mycorrhiza with various deciduous and coniferous trees . These include spruce and red beech in particular . The fruiting bodies grow individually or in groups, but also in clusters from several partially overgrown specimens. They appear from late May to late autumn, but more common in summer and early autumn. Fruit bodies accumulate high levels of arsenic.
distribution
The black and blue boletus occurs in Europe and parts of North America. In Germany it is found rather scattered, it is also common locally on suitable soils. The distribution density decreases towards the north.
Systematics
A very seldom occurring, pink-capped form was described as Boletus pulverulentus var. Mougeotii ( Quélet ) Bon .
meaning
The mushroom is poisonous raw, but has so far been described as a good, slightly sour-tasting mixed mushroom when cooked. A more recent study recommends a maximum consumption of 90 g per year due to the high content of dimethylarsinic acid .
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 224 ff.
- Gang Wu, Bang Feng, Jianping Xu, Xue-Tai Zhu, Yan-Chun Li, Nian-Kai Zeng, Md. Iqbal Hosen, Zhu L. Yang: Molecular phylogenetic analyzes redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic lineages in the fungal family Boletaceae . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 69 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 93-115 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-014-0283-8 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.176. (PDF) July 7, 2014, accessed on January 18, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Simone Braeuer, Walter Goessler, Jan Kameník, Tereza Konvalinková, Anna Žigová: Arsenic hyperaccumulation and speciation in the edible ink stain bolete (Cyanoboletus pulverulentus) . In: Food Chemistry . tape 242 , p. 225-231 , doi : 10.1016 / j.foodchem.2017.09.038 .
