Black Germer
| Black Germer | ||||||||||||
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Black Germer ( Veratrum nigrum ) |
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| Veratrum nigrum | ||||||||||||
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The black Germer ( Veratrum nigrum ) is a plant from the genus Germer ( Veratrum ) within the family of melanthiaceae (Melanthiaceae). It is widespread from south-west through east and south- east Europe to northeast Asia.
description
Appearance and leaf
The Black Germer grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of up to 100 centimeters. A short, thick rhizome with stocky, somewhat fleshy, homorhic roots is formed. The strong plant has black, net-like fibers at its base that develop from the dissolving leaf sheaths. The upright stems are round petioles.
Of the alternate distributed on the stem arranged foliage leaves the bottom are sessile and pedunculated uppermost sometimes briefly. The leaf sheaths encompass the stem. The simple leaf blade is usually 22 to 25 centimeters long and about 10 centimeters wide, broadly elliptical to broadly ovate-lanceolate, narrows towards the base and the upper end is pointed or pointed. The leaf blade is folded (plicate) on the leaf veins . There is a parallel nerve.
Inflorescence and flower
The terminal, branched, paniculate entire inflorescence contains many flowers. The lateral partial inflorescences are almost upright or spread out at an acute angle and often contain purely male flowers. The entire inflorescence ends in a racemose partial inflorescence, which mostly contains hermaphrodite flowers. The inflorescence axes are densely hairy woolly. The bracts are hairy on the edge and on the underside. The flower stalks on the lateral partial inflorescences are about 5 millimeters long as the bracts and are densely hairy.
The male and hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry , funnel-shaped and threefold. The six black and purple-colored bracts are elongated, spread out or slightly bent back with smooth edges with a length of 5 to 8 millimeters and a width of about 3 millimeters. The six free stamens inserted at the base of the bracts are 2.5 to 4 millimeters long. Three carpels have become a top permanent, insulated draft tube ovary grown, the bare and is short three-lobed at the top. The three short pens are durable.
Fruit and seeds
The septicidal capsule fruit has a length of 1.5 to 2 centimeters and a diameter of 1 to 1.3 centimeters and contains a few seeds in each fruit compartment. The flattened seeds are narrowly winged.
Chromosome set
The number of chromosomes is 2 n = 16 or 64.
ecology
The black Germer is one of the winter men who spread their diaspores anemochorically , i. H. use the spread of wind. The fruit flaps open from September whenever dry weather prevails in order to allow the seeds to be carried away as far as possible by strong winds in this weather.
distribution
The distribution area of Veratrum nigrum extends from Southwest, Eastern and Southeastern Europe to Northeast Asia . There are sites in France , Italy , Austria , Switzerland , the former Czechoslovakia , the former Yugoslavia , Poland , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Ukraine , Kazakhstan , over the European part of Russia to Siberia ( Altai region , Buryatia , Transbaikalia , Republic of Altai , Irkutsk , Kemerovo , Krasnoyarsk , Novosibirsk , Tomsk , Tuwa ) and Russia's Far East ( Primorye Region ) to Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guizhou , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Hubei , Inner Mongolia , Jilin , Liaoning , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi and Sichuan .
Taxonomy
The first publication of Veratrum nigrum was in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Veratrum nigrum L. are: Veratrum purpureum Salisb. nom. superfl., Melanthium nigrum (L.) Thunb. , Helonias nigra (L.) Ker Gawl. , Veratrum bracteatum Batalin , Veratrum nigrum var. Microcarpum Loes. , Veratrum nigrum var. Ussuriense O.Loes. , Veratrum nigrum subsp. ussuriense (O.Loes.) Vorosch. , Veratrum ussuriense (O.Loes.) Nakai .
Toxicity and Ingredients
The rhizome of the Black Germans contains steroid alkaloids , especially veratroylzygadenine, which decrease in the course of the vegetation period .
use
In the past, the Black Germer was used to make sneeze powder . Because of its toxicity, this has no longer been permitted across the EU since 1983.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Chen Xinqi, Hiroshi Takahashi: Veratrum. : Veratrum nigrum. , P. 84 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
- ↑ a b c Veratrum nigrum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i data sheet at FloraGREIF - Virtual Flora of Mongolia with distribution map .
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Veratrum nigrum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ↑ Information on the toxicity of Black Germer in Poison Plants Compendium .
- ↑ Council Directive 83/264 / EEC of 16 May 1983 on the fourth amendment to Directive 76/769 / EEC on the harmonization of the legal and administrative provisions of the member states on restrictions on the placing on the market and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations .
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