Germer (genus)

Germer
	White Germer ( Veratrum album )
Systematics
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Lily-like (Liliales)
Family :	Germer family (Melanthiaceae)
Genre :	Germer
Scientific name
	Veratrum
	L.

The Germer ( Veratrum ) are a genus within the family of melanthiaceae (Melanthiaceae). The 25 to 40 species are widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .

description

Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants from Veratrum lobelianum

Flowers in detail from Veratrum viride

White Germer winged seeds ( Veratrum album )

Vegetative characteristics

Germer species are perennial herbaceous plants . As survival organs, they form vertical rhizomes , which are covered on the upper side with remnants of the leaf sheaths . The sturdy stems are simple and leafy. The numerous alternate and spiral leaves arranged on the stem are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The simple leaf blades are narrow to broadly circular or broadly elliptical. They are folded lengthways, multi-core.

Generative characteristics

Many flowers stand together in paniculate inflorescences . The threefold flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, the top of an inflorescence sometimes purely male. The six durable bracts are spread out, not overgrown and of white, greenish, reddish-brown or black color. There are six stamens . The three free pens are short and durable.

The septicidal, triple capsule fruits contain a few seeds in each fruit compartment. The seeds are flattened and narrowly winged.

Chromosome sets and ingredients

The basic chromosome number is x = 9.

ingredients

The most important ingredients are various Cerveratrum and Jerveratrum alkaloids .

Systematics and distribution

Veratrum maackii var. Japonicum inflorescence

Black Germer ( Veratrum nigrum )

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Veratrum oxysepalum

Veratrum stamineum

The genus Veratrum was established by Carl von Linné . The generic name Veratrum is derived from the Latin words vere for real and ater for black, this refers to the black rhizomes of some species. Synonyms for Veratrum L. nom. cons. are: Acelidanthus Trautv. & CAMey. , Anepsa Raf. , Evonyxis Raf. , Helleborus Gueldenst. nom. illeg., Leimanthium Willd. , Melanthium J. Clayton ex L.

The genus Veratrum is common in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . There are around 13 species in China, eight of them only there. There are five species in North America.

The genus Germer ( Veratrum ) contains 25 to 40 species. The number depends mainly on whether the individual sub-clans of the three widespread clans Veratrum album , Veratrum nigrum and Veratrum viride are classified as species or subspecies.

There are the following types (as of 2018):

Veratrum albiflorum Tolm. : It occurs in Russia's Far East .
White Germer ( Veratrum album L. )
Veratrum anticleoides (Trautv. & CAMey.) Takeda & Miyake : It occurs in Russia's Far East.
Veratrum californicum Durand : It is distributed in two varieties from the western USA to New Mexico and Mexico.
Veratrum dahuricum (Turcz.) O. Loes. : It occurs from Siberia to Korea and China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, maybe also Nei Mongol) at altitudes of 0 to 500 meters.
Veratrum dolichopetalum O. Loes. : It occurs in Russia's Far East, China and Korea.
Veratrum fimbriatum A.Gray : It occurs in northwestern California.
Veratrum formosanum O. Loes. : It only occurs in Taiwan.
Veratrum grandiflorum (Maxim. Ex Miq.) O. Loes. : It occurs only in southern China (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) at altitudes between 2600 and 4000 meters.
Veratrum hybridum (Walter) JHZimmerman ex Zomlefer : It is common in the eastern USA. The new combination took place in 2012.
Veratrum insolitum Jeps. : It occurs only in Washington, Oregon and northern California.
Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. (Is also referred to by some authors as a subspecies Veratrum album subsp. lobelianum (Bernh.) Schübl. & G.Martens to Veratrum album ): It occurs from eastern Central Europe to the Caucasus and Russia's Far East.
Veratrum longebracteatum Takeda : It occurs only in Japan (Honshu).
Veratrum maackii rule : There are three varieties. It occurs from northern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, perhaps also Hebei) at altitudes between 400 and 1700 meters, in Korea and Japan to the extreme Russian East Asia.
Veratrum maximum (Nakai) MNTamura & NSLee : This species, which was only raised in 2014, occurs in northern and central Japan.
Veratrum mengtzeanum O. Loes . : It occurs in two subspecies from north-western Thailand to China (Guizhou, Yunnan) at altitudes between 1200 and 3300 meters.
Veratrum micranthum F.F.Wang & Tang : It occurs only in China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
Schwarzer Germer ( Veratrum nigrum L. ): The distribution area extends from Central Europe to China and Korea.
Veratrum oblongum O. Loes. : It occurs only in China (Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi) at altitudes of 1000 to 2100 meters.
Veratrum oxysepalum Turcz. (Syn .: Veratrum alpestre Nakai ): It occurs from Siberia and China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) to Japan, Korea and Alaska.
Veratrum parviflorum Michx. : It occurs from West Virginia to northern Georgia.
Veratrum schindleri O. Loes . : It occurs only in southeastern China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) at altitudes between 700 and 1400 meters.
Veratrum shanense W.W.Sm. (Syn .: Veratrum stenophyllum Diels , Veratrum yunnanense O.Loes. ): It is distributed from south-central China to northern Myanmar.
Veratrum stamineum Maxim. : It only occurs in Japan.
Veratrum taliense O. Loes. : It occurs only in China (Sichuan, Yunnan) at altitudes around 2400 meters.
Veratrum × tonussii Poldini : It is a natural hybrid of Veratrum lobelianum × Veratrum nigrum , which occurs in Europe.
Veratrum versicolor Nakai : It occurs only in northeastern China and Korea.
Veratrum virginicum (L.) WTAiton : It occurs in the central and eastern United States.
Veratrum viride Aiton : It occurs from Alaska to Canada and the USA.
Veratrum woodii J.W. Robbins ex Alph.Wood : It occurs from Illinois to Oklahoma.

use

Some species have been used medicinally because of their alkaloid content. Some species are extremely poisonous. Some are grown as ornamental plants.

supporting documents

Dale W. McNeal Jr., Aaron D. Shaw: Veratrum , p. 72 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
Chen Xinqi, Hiroshi Takahashi: Veratrum. , Pp. 82–85 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Dale W. McNeal Jr., Aaron D. Shaw: Veratrum , p. 72 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Chen Xinqi, Hiroshi Takahashi: Veratrum. , Pp. 82–85 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Veratrum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM, Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
↑ N. Tanaka: Veratrum shanense WW Sm. (Melanthiaceae) - A review of its taxonomic and distribution range. In: The Journal of Japanese Botany , Volume 85, 2010, pp. 137-147.

Web links

Commons : Germer ( Veratrum ) - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Germer - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

[FoNA-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Dale W. McNeal Jr., Aaron D. Shaw: Veratrum , p. 72 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5

[FoC-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Chen Xinqi, Hiroshi Takahashi: Veratrum. , Pp. 82–85 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5

[WCSP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Veratrum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 29, 2016.

[Schmeil-FitschenCDrom-4] Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM, Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

[VeratrumShanense2010-5] N. Tanaka: Veratrum shanense WW Sm. (Melanthiaceae) - A review of its taxonomic and distribution range. In: The Journal of Japanese Botany , Volume 85, 2010, pp. 137-147.