hyssop

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hyssop
Hyssop (hyssopus officinalis)

Hyssop ( hyssopus officinalis )

Systematics
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Tribe : Mentheae
Sub tribus : Nepetinae
Genre : Hyssopus
Type : hyssop
Scientific name
Hyssopus officinalis
L.

Hyssop [ iːzɔp ] ( Hyssopus officinalis ) is a shrub from the family of the mint ( Lamiaceae ). The name hyssop (Middle High German isōpe ) is derived from the Greek from the Babylonian-Hebrew word ēzōb . The plant has been cultivated as a spice and medicinal plant since the 16th century.

description

Hyssop is a perennial or dwarf shrub up to 60 cm high . It has numerous upright, seldom prostrate, branched, dull brown branches with peeling bark. The leaves are arranged opposite one another and seemingly lively on short shoots. They are seated or almost seated, up to 50 mm long and 10 mm wide. Their shape is blunt or pointed, they have entire margins, bald to shaggy and covered with oil glands on the top and bottom.

Detail view of the inflorescence

The five-fold flowers are bright blue or purple in color, rarely white or pink. 4 to 16 flowers are combined in one-sided pseudo whorls to form terminal, spiked inflorescences . The bracts are linear, tapered to a point and are not awned or have awns with a length of 1 to 3 mm. The calyx is often purple, tubular, 15-nerved and hairy bald or downy. The calyx teeth of the same size are up to 3 mm long and with or without awn. The corolla is up to 12 mm long, funnel-shaped and two-lipped. The upper lip is erect and edged, the lower lip protruding long and triple-lipped with a large, edged middle lobe. There are 4 protruding and spreading stamens . The stamens are white or purple. The ovary is on top. The styles are longer than the stamens. The approximately 2 mm long nuts are brown and smooth, they slimy when wet.

The flowering period is from July to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12.

19th century illustration from Hyssopus officinalis
Numerous stems grow from woody branches that lie on the ground
Single flower
Majorana syriaca, probably the biblical "hyssop"

Occurrence

General distribution

The hyssop occurs in Europe, West Asia and North Africa. In Europe it can only be found in the south (northwards to the Southern Alps), further north it has been cultivated as a spice, medicinal and ornamental plant since the Middle Ages. There it is partly a naturalized neophyte in warmer areas , elsewhere it is only inconsistently overgrown, e.g. B. in Hegau , in the area around Lake Geneva and at the southern foot of the Alps.

Locations and distribution in Central Europe

The hyssop needs calcareous or otherwise base-rich, loose, dry, stony, shallow soil and a very warm climate. It inhabits dry hills and slopes, rock heaths and roadsides; he prefers calcareous and dry soil and a sunny location. It comes partly in Xerobrometen, but also in Felsband- and crevices companies before.

Systematics

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Hyssopus officinalis subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman : It occurs from the western and central Mediterranean area to the northern Aegean.
  • Hyssopus officinalis subsp. austro-oranensis Maire : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
  • Hyssopus officinalis subsp. canescens (DC.) Nyman : It occurs in Spain and France.
  • Hyssopus officinalis subsp. montanus (Jord. & Fourr.) Briq. : It occurs from southern Europe to Ukraine and southern European Russia.
  • Hyssopus officinalis subsp. officinalis : It occurs from Europe to Iran.

Common names

For the hyssop found as German plant names also bee herb , Duftisoppe , Real hyssop , verbena , Hyssop , Eisop , Esope , vinegar herb , Gewürzysop , Heisop , Hisopo , Hizopf , Ibsche , hyssop , ispEN , Josef Kraut and wine Espen herb .

Conversely, there are also cases in which “hyssop” occurs in the common name of plants of other genera.

For example Syrian hyssop (see below), which belongs to the genus Origanum (Dost), or Anisysop ( aniseed scented nettle ), which in linguistic usage refers to a plant that belongs to the genus Agastache (scented nettle) .

use

Young leaves are chopped up and added to salads and vegetables. There the hyssop should always be used sparingly due to its strong flavor. It is only freshly prepared in the kitchen, as hyssop loses its aroma when it dries. Extracts are also part of the Chartreuse liqueur and perfume preparations.

Use as a medicinal plant

Nicholas Culpeper comments on Hyssop: “It helps against ringing in the ears, breathing difficulties and toothache. The fresh cabbage, crushed with sugar, helps with fresh wounds and cuts ”.

The dried, flowering parts of the plant - Hyssopi herba - are used as medicinal drugs.

As active ingredients they contain the essential hyssop oil with Pinocamphon and isopinocamphone as main components continue limonene and pinene , flavonoids as Diosmin , Lamiaceen- tannins as rosemary acid and Marrubiin and among other things, bitter substances and terpenes .

The essential oil and the tannins give the drug anti-inflammatory, expectorant and antispasmodic properties. In folk medicine, the plant is z. B. used for gargling for hoarseness as well as for throat and throat infections, for washing and also internally with excessive perspiration. In addition, hyssop is occasionally used for coughs and digestive problems.

One should refrain from using higher doses over a longer period of time, especially the essential oil with the neurotoxic pinocamphone : After ingestion of 10 to 30 drops for several days (2 to 3 drops in children) symptoms of poisoning with cramps were observed.

The addition of up to 5% hyssop herb as a flavor corrector is allowed in tea blends.

Hyssop in literature

The hyssop mentioned several times in the Bible ( Ex 12.22  EU ; Lev 14.4  EU ; Num 19.18  EU , Hebrew: Esov; Joh 19.29  EU ) is not to be equated with Hyssopus officinalis , which does not grow in Israel. Rather, the scriptures refer to a type of marjoram or oregano , which, however, belongs to the same subfamily as Hyssopus officinalis . Syrian hyssop (Origanum syriacum, synonym: Majorana syriaca (L.), Origanum maru (L.)) is often mentioned as biblical hyssop . Accordingly, the spice still known today as "biblical hyssop" contains the Saatar mixture . In De re coquinaria by Marcus Gavius ​​Apicius , it is therefore also referred to as the Cretan hyssop .

history

Hyssopus officinalis and Satureja hortensis

swell

Historical illustrations

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 871.
  2. ↑ See also Hebrew אֵזוֹב ('ésóv) for' holy herb '. Proof: Archive link ( Memento from March 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  812 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Hyssopus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  5. ^ Fritz Rienecker: Lexikon zur Bibel , 11th edition, Wuppertal 1988, p. 647 ISBN 3-417-24528-1 . David Darom: The Most Beautiful Plants in the Bible. From hyssop to the mighty cedar trees, Herzlia, p. 6. ISBN 965-280-067-8
  6. ^ Leopold Fonk : Hyssop. In: Michael Buchberger (Ed.): Kirchliches Handlexikon. A reference book on the entire field of theology and its auxiliary sciences. Volume 1: A-H. Allgemeine Verlags-Gesellschaft, Munich 1907, Sp. 2068.
  7. ↑ David Darom: The Most Beautiful Plants in the Bible. From hyssop to the mighty cedar trees. Herzlia, ISBN 965-280-067-8 , p. 6.
  8. ↑ imperium-romanum.com - Culture - Culinary. Accessed December 30, 2018 .
  9. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 281 (Book III, Chapter 27): Hyssopus (digitized version ) ; Book III, Chapter 38: Thymos (digitized version )
  10. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XIX, Chapter 1 (§ 165): Satureia (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) ; Book XXV Chapter lxxxvii (§ 136): hyssop (digitized) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  11. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VIII, Chapter XX / 8 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 149): Hyssopus (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 364: Issopus humida (digitized version ) Chapter 365: Isopus sicca (digitized version )
  13. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 370: Hyssopus (digitized version )
  14. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 200r: hyssopus (digitized) sheet 210v: Saturegia (digitized)
  15. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 134v (No CCLXX): Cyfe. Isop (digitized version )
  16. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, Chapter XXIII (p. 63–64): Sa¬tureia (digitized) ; Chapter XLV (pp. 90–91): Hyssopum (digitized version )
  17. ^ German Macer . Jsop . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, S. (Chapter 18): Satureia . Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 187v: Transcription: (.xvij. Satureya is called garten kole. It is printed on the other grade and hot on the dryten // (Satureya with win genuczet subert the wip seeks and helps the die with not neczent (Gepuluert vnd ​​boiled with honey or with win vnd genuczet rumbles the breast (with a warm win thickly pressed the cart in the book (Litargia is looking for a hand and is called the raging search / you should recognize who by So does the dut / as if he was slack at the beginning of the search so you nemen satureya and push the with strong eats yourself and thus force the sick the hoops constantly it helps (Satureya is scheduled to smell the wizen who wear the kint when they close the kint It also helps the smells that work with the right cyt that they recover to hand - p. 342 (Chapter 21): Jsop . Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 188r (digitized) . Transcription: (.xx. Jsop is hot and print to de In the third grade, hyssop boiled with honey and used with print figs spoils the cough (so boiled and held in the mouth for a long time helps the hoarse (It also helps the lungs ailing when used) (hyssop boiled and pressed down sucks the spindleworms / is for all these things they are well pulverized and mixed with honey (the juice with oximell softens the drunk book that is clogged / even bass helps it to these two cress seeds (if you already want to have the drinck jne dorre or green (Ysopp boiled with lutter salcz vnd with trucking figs as a plaster vff the swollen milcz geleyt crushes the swelling (hyssop with win drüncken rumbles the constipated breast
  18. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 65: Ysophus . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1156 (digitized) - translation Marie-Louise Portmann, Basel 1991: Hyssop is dry in nature and moderately warm, and it is of such great strength that even stone cannot withstand it grows where hyssop is sown. And if you eat it often, it cleanses the sick and smelly foam of the juices as the heat in the saucepan stirs up the foam, and (hyssop) is useful in all foods. But cooked it is more useful and pulverized it is (more useful) than raw. When eaten, it cuts the liver and cleans the lungs a little. But even those who cough and have pain in the liver and who are steamy and suffer from the lungs, each of them should eat hyssop either with meat or with fat, and it will get better. But if someone only adds hyssop to the wine or only to the water and eats it, he will be more damaged than it will be promoted. But even those who have pain in the liver or lungs should take liquorice and more cinnamon than liquorice and more hyssop than either of these two, and more fennel than these three, and cook this in a new pot with enough honey added so that there is no bitterness in it, and he cook it strong. And then he let this pot of these herbs stand for nine days and the same number of nights, and then he sifts it through a cloth and so he drinks. But if he has severe pain in his liver or lungs, then he will drink nine days every day. But before he drinks early in the morning, he eat a little, and then he drink. But in the evening he eats enough and when he goes to sleep he drinks enough of it. But if he has moderate lung pain and liver pain, let him drink like this every third day, and he often does, and he will be healed unless God wills. But if the liver is sick as a result of man's sadness, he should cook young chickens with hyssop before the sickness prevails in him, and he often eats both the hyssop and these young chickens. But he also often eats the raw hyssop in wine, and he drinks this wine because hyssop is more useful to him for this disease than for those who have pain in the lungs. --- Book I, Chapter 155: Satureia . Migne, Paris 1855, Sp. 1190 (digitized version ) - Translation Herbert Reier 1980: Satureia is warmer than cold. If someone is tormented by gout so that his limbs constantly tremble, he pulverize Satureiam, and less caraway seeds than powder from Salvia and mix this powder at the same time with honey sausage and drink it after breakfast. Then he will be better off.
  19. ↑ Innsbrucker (Prüller) herb book , 12th century: hyssop . Friedrich Wilhelm (Ed.): Monuments of German prose of the 11th and 12th centuries . Munich 1914/16. Department A: Text, pp. 42-43; Section B: Commentary, pp. 106-107. Ysopo iŏt gŏt chrut. obe diu gebŏrt ſtirbeſt in demo wibe. drink iz with warm wazzer. ſo uert iz uone ire. He iſt gŏt wr the sting [Prüll: ſtenken] and help also the. that of the mage ſvirt. - Hyssop is a good herb. If the birth in the woman dies, drink hyssop with warm water, and the dead child will be released from her. It's good for that - stitch? - and also helps those whose stomach is “svirt”, ie swollen or inflamed (ulcerated).
  20. ^ Pseudo-Arnaldus de Villanova . 13-14 Jh: The treatise ... of the care and advice of the wine ... pressure. Esslingen (?) After 1478: hyssop wine (digitized)
  21. ↑ Gabriel von Lebenstein 14. – 15. Century. Distilled waters . Manuscript M Clm 5905 , Bavarian, 2nd half of the 15th century, sheet 53v (digitized version ) . Transcription: Jſopp waſſer. Jtem jſop waer i allent whether all water to the heart to the test for the fever for the cough for the fever for the lightened for the high fever for the winter [t] ucht . Whoever drinks it all tomorrow never eats the preachings written above of all transmitted [about].
  22. ^ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century: Book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, p. 405 (V / 45): Ispen (digitized)
  23. ^ Galangal spice treatise 13th / 14th century. Latin: Clm 13 076 , no place, 1356, sheet (digitized) . - Alemannic: Cpg 620 recipe collection, Northern Bavaria, around 1450, sheets 85r – 85v: Ispen (digitized version ) . Transcription: Ispen is even a nuczleiches krawt when if you sew it with water and then drink it so it rains the prust and clear the stymm and treybet everything rocz and sleimikait of the lung and from the prust and when you sew it with wine and then the antlucz often there with anointing and washing so it drives away all natural reds and the antlucz to two .
  24. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478: Yspen (digitized)
  25. ↑ Nikolaus Frauenlob 15th century Cpg 583 , South-West Germany (Mattighofen), 1482–1486, sheets 21v – 22r: Isopp (digitized) . Transcription ( rubricated places in bold ): Isopp is ain guet krawt and has xj virtue A special erczeney from ysopp for dy huesten würm jm pauch flus from hawbt auff dÿ prust zuo der lungel vnd stymm etc. Man sal ysopp puluer with hönig ze push sam an electiuari vnd sal das sober nüczen that is good for manigerlay speak it hylfft against dÿ huesten vnd against the worm jm pauch it also helps against the pöse liquid dy from the hawbt auff dÿ prust come from dÿ huesten it helps the lungel and makes dÿstÿm clear vnd hel Who aine beautiful varb wil have vnd whale shape wil be Man sal offt by ysopp payde green ader arid know it drunk the power of man antlicz ain beautiful varb vnd makes man whale shape and one washes with it makes it clear to people who are unhealthy Man poke sal ysopp warm with cleave oil and so pour jn dÿ oren If you think something in front of the oren seÿ man sal ysopp and lit the Smoke through the nose that helps to do a lot of things Whether the human body vnvertig seÿ Man sal ysopp in wine simmering and drinking from it that makes the human being in the body devoured and whether he is too much inert outside the body has the need to drink soft vnd ​​is done Ad sedes faciendas stüll zuo so sal man ysopp ze bump with Oximel vnd sal drink from it that makes the pauch waich that the man may have stüll and the same drives the same thing from the prust Contra vermes in ventre Man sal ysopp boil and drink from it that kills the worm jm pauch vnd makes the body fit and healthy. A special erczneÿ from ysopp Man drunk water and wine darjnn then ysopp is boiled / see whether the haupp ain posen has flus in the prust da of dy hats and other things that help and make people healthy Forests dy hats and smoke stalks Man sal ysopp boil and drink from it that helps against the hues ten vnd clears the smoking stym and helps the lungl and is good for other things vnd sickened etc. Too the old wounds and fawlen wounds Man sal ysopp in water syeden and with it you wash off the vnsawbrichait and aÿtter from the wounds and were that rainigt vnd ​​sells the vnflat Or one sall the krawtt gesoten so put warm on the preaching. that grows the flat out and makes the wounds fresh and rain --- Cpg 666 , Kurpfalz, 1478–1480, sheet 94v – 95v: Isopp (digitized) . Transcription: I sopp is a good herb and has xj tugennt a a special Erczney from ysop and dÿ is even good and useful Man to poke sal ysop puluer with honey sam an electuarj and salt as sober sober that jst good for some spoken words It hylfft contradicts dy cough and against the warmth jn the pauch It also helps against the posen flow that kumbt from the main uff dÿ prust get do from dy cough It also helps the lungs and the livers and makes the styme even hele and clare b Who a beautiful color wolte have ader whale form wölte be Man sal offt from ysop drincken payd green vnd thürr wÿ man has it there makes man antlicz beautiful and makes man whale form and if you want to do with daz makes daz antlicz clare vnd wal geuare c who dÿ oren we do Man sal hyssop with bawmöl hot to push vnd so jn Dy oren gyessen daz hilfft d If any dünckt WY jm ichcz before the oren One sey sal ÿspen to ends vnd the zihen noses smoke-dy daz hylfft to vil hire vnd is not good e whom dÿ ze n we thon Man sal ÿspen with vinegar whale syden daz sal he jn the mouth have czu hant wrt he healthy f Whether the people jn the body devnvertig seÿ Man sal ÿsop jn wine syden vnd dor von drincken daz makes people ready g whether he closed hert seÿ vnd all sorts of pleasure jn agile jn the body have daz must escape the drink and also help whale h Whether the man may not have had to poke salesop with oximel and sal dor abe drink daz makes the pauch weych daz hylfft and there the same sells daz schedlich thing the prust j A special erczney from ysop Man sal often drink daz water vein the wine do ysop jn be sey daz helps whether there is a bad river at all jn dÿ prust do from dÿ cough vein tempffikeytt collapses ve other thing daz the prust schedlich there is hylfft and is good do against vnd ​​keeps people healthy k A special erczney man sal ysop sÿden and drank off that helps for you cough and makes the rough thunder loud and helps the lungs and vil other things is dÿ erczney l A special Erczney from ysop Man sal ÿsop jn water syden vnd do wash off with sal man dÿ vnsauberkeyt vnd ​​daz eytter from the wounds and the heavy daz helps vein you salt daz herbs so you put warm herbs on the prechen daz grows the vnflat from vnd makes it sore fresh and otherwise pure
  26. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 73: Isopus (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 384: Satureia (digitized version ) ; Chapter 427: Hyssopus (digitized version )
  28. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 235: Isopus (digitized version ) ; Part I, Chapter 414: Saturegia (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small Destillierbuch , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 62v-63r: hyssop (digitized)
  30. ↑ Paracelsus - Oporinus : Scholia & Observationes quaedam perutiles in Macri Poemata de Virtutibus Herbarum, & c. quas Ioh. Oporinus (dum per triennium aut ultra Theophrasti esset Amanuensis) ex ore dictantis studiose exceperat. (Useful comments and observations on the Macer poems about the powers of medicinal plants, which Johannes Oporinus - three years or more scribe of Paracelsus - has eagerly selected from the heard.) Huser edition of the works of Paracelsus, Basel 1590, part 7, page 268: Satureia (digitized version )
  31. ^ Otto Brunfels : Ander Teyl des Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1537, pp. 107-109: Hysop. Wylder Hysop (digitized version )
  32. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 13: Satureia (digital copy ) ; Part I, Chapter 14: Closter Hysop (digitized version )
  33. ^ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, chapter 114: Saturon (digitized version ) ; Chapter 326: Ipsen (digitized version)
  34. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheets 249r – 249v: Saturey (digitized) . --- Sheets 237r – 237v: Isop (digital copy )
  35. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 373-374: Hyssopus (digitized version ) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 560: Hyssopus (digitized)
  36. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 801–803: Hyssopus (digitized version )
  37. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, pp. 146-147: Hysopus (digitized version ) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, pp. 172–173: Jsop (digitized version )
  38. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814. pp. 287-288: Herba Hyssopi. Hyssop herb (digitized)
  39. ↑ Transcription and translation Unterkircher: Ysopus : calida et sicca in 3 °. Electio: recens et ortulanum et domesticum. iuvamentum: confert pectori humido et tussi. nocumentum: ledit cerebrum sua fumositate. Remotio nocumenti: cum penidijs et zucharo. Quid generat: humores acutos. Convenit frigidis et humidis natura, senibus et decrepitis, hyeme et frigidis regionibus. Isop : warm and dry in the 3rd degree. Preferable: fresh, grown in the garden and at home. Benefit: it is good for damp chest and coughs. Damage: it damages the brain by being dull. Preventing the harm: with barley sugar and sugar. What it produces: hot juices. Beneficial for people with cold and damp nature, for old people and the weak, in winter and in cold areas .

literature

  • Gunter Steinbach (Ed.): Shrub trees (Steinbach's natural guide). Mosaik Verlag GmbH, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10560-3 .
  • Avril Rodway: Herbs and Spices. The most useful plants in nature - culture and use. Tessloff Verlag, Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3-7886-9910-8
  • Franz von Bruchhausen (Ed.): Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice, Volume 2 - Drugs E - O, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-540-52638-2
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe , Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, Volume 4, ISBN 3-440-08048-X
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 5: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Buddlejaceae to Caprifoliaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The New Handbook of Medicinal Plants . Botany medicinal drugs, active ingredients applications, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart, 2011, ISBN

Web links

Commons : Hyssop  - album with pictures, videos and audio files