Olluco
| Olluco | ||||||||||||
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Ullucus tuberosus , illustration |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Ullucus | ||||||||||||
| Caldas | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Ullucus tuberosus | ||||||||||||
| Caldas |
Olluco ( Ullucus tuberosus ), also Ulluco , Ulluma , Melloco , Ruba , Knollenbaselle or in the Andes Papa Lisa or just Lisa called, is the only species in the genus Ullucus from the family of basellaceae (Basellaceae).
description
The plant is a perennial , deciduous and upright to prostrate, creeping and herbaceous plant of up to 0.4-0.8 m high and 50-90 cm wide. The fleshy, succulent, greenish to often reddish, bald stem axes are more or less ribbed. Fruits are seldom produced in cultivated plants. The plant and the tubers contain mucilage .
From the axils of the leaves at the base of the shoot, one to three stolons grow into the ground , which swell underground at the top to form egg-shaped to almost cylindrical, ellipsoidal or rounded tubers with small "eyes". The roughly (1; wild) 2 to 13 cm large tubers are smooth, somewhat shiny and, depending on the variety, yellowish, whitish to orange, reddish, pink or greenish in color or with reddish speckles.
The simple, alternate, screwy and entire, stalked leaves are more or less heart-shaped and ovate to rounded. They are round-pointed to pointed or pointed and bald, and up to about 7-17 cm in size. The axillary inflorescences are racemose . The stalked, hermaphrodite and five-fold flowers with bracts and horn-like bracts have a (double) flower envelope . They have two yellowish, rounded calyx and five, reddish-yellow, egg-shaped, tailed and spreading petals that are fused at the base. There are five small, pinned to the petals stamens and a top constant, einkammeriger ovary present, the stylus is cylindrical and the scar is capitately and papillose.
The fruits are small, single-seeded nuts that are partially covered by the dry, leathery perianth .
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24, 36 or 48.
distribution
The origin of the Ollucos (pronounced: Ojucos) lies in the South American Andes of Colombia , Peru and Argentina . They are grown in the Andes at an altitude of 3,000 to 4,000 m by small farmers .
The subspecies Ullucus tuberosus ssp. Native to the Andes . aborigineus Brücher probably represents the wild type of ollucos.
use
The olluco was a popular food even before the Inca era . It is one of the useful plants of which there is very old evidence. They can be found, for example, on art objects such as clay vessels from the pre-Columbian Indians . In addition, the large number of names and the very widespread distribution of the plant in large parts of South America suggest that it is a very old and long-known species.
In addition to the susceptibility to virus infections (see below), the long time it takes for the plant to develop before harvest is a growing challenge. While potatoes in the Andes need four to five months to be harvested, this takes seven to eight months in the Olluco.
ingredients
Ollucos contain about 86% of water , 10.5-12% starch , 0.1-0.2% fat , 1-2% protein and 10-20 mg of vitamin C . They have a calorific value of 210–230 kJ per 100 g .
use
Of the three tubers grown in the Andes alongside the potato ( Oka , Mashua, and Ollucos), the latter is the most popular. It is mainly consumed in the country but also in the cities of Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia .
The tubers are prepared in many ways. In Ecuador a soup is common ( locro de mellocos ), in Peru it is eaten with soaked dried meat ( olluquito con charqui ) and in Bolivia as in Peru it is a mixed dish of olluco, potato, meat, egg and cheese ( chupe ) as well as chiles prepared ( ají de papalisas ) known. In addition, the tubers are eaten cooked and roasted.
Some varieties can be prepared raw as a salad , while others are only edible when cooked. In addition, the tubers are dried. In this form they can be kept for years as so-called linglis , a process that was developed by the Indians.
Diseases and pests
Ollucos are very often attacked by plant viruses . This is one of the major barriers to future expansion of the cultivation of this plant.
literature
- TK Lim: Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants. Volume 9: Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs , Springer, 2015, ISBN 978-94-017-9510-4 , pp. 741-745.
- W. Franke : Crop science. 6th edition, Thieme, 1997, ISBN 3-13-530406-X .
- Heinz Brücher : Ullucus aborigineus spec. nov. The wild form of an Andean cultivated plant. In: Ber. German Bot. Ges. 80, 1967, 376-381.
- Heinz Brücher: Useful Plants of Neotropical Origin. Springer, 1989, ISBN 978-3-64273315-4 (reprint), p. 46 ff.
- K. Kubitzki , JG Rohwner , V. Bittrich: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. II: Flowering Plants Dicotyledons , Springer, 1993, ISBN 978-3-642-08141-5 , pp. 143-146.
- Lost Crops of the Incas. National Academy Press, 1989, ISBN 0-309-04264-X , pp. 111-114.
- WM Roca, C. Ynouye, I. Manrique, C. Arbizu, R. Gomez: Indigenous Andean Root and Tuber Crops: New Foods for the New Millennium. In: Chronica horticulturae. 47 (4), 2007, 13–19, online (PDF; 1.4 MB), at International Potato Center: CIP, accessed on October 5, 2019.
Web links
- Ullucus tuberosus at Useful Tropical Plants.
- Ullucus tuberosus near Purdue.
- Andean tubers at Purdue.
- Ulluco at Cultivariable, accessed October 5, 2019.
Individual evidence
- ^ Ullucus tuberosus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Ullucus - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, accessed on September 20, 2017.
- ↑ JM Busch, GP Savage: Nutritional composition of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) tubers. In: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand. Vol. 25, 2000, pp. 55-65, online at researchgate.net.