German Bertram
| German Bertram | ||||||||||||
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German Bertram ( Anacyclus officinarum ), illustration |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Anacyclus officinarum | ||||||||||||
| Hayne |
The German Bertram ( Anacyclus officinarum ) was a species of the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It was cultivated as a medicinal plant for its roots until about the change from the 19th to the 20th century .
features
Stems mostly solitary, more rarely several, upright, up to 25–30 cm high, single or with a small axillary branch, stalk round or indistinctly angular; Stems and branches were single-headed, striped, bluish-green, very isolated in the lower part, crowded with white hair above under the cups. Leaves scattered, somewhat hairy, bluish green. Basal leaves mostly rosette-shaped, long-stalked, the others gradually shorter stalked to sessile, oblong in outline, obovate to oblong, double pinnate with undivided 2–3 columnar sections and linear-lanceolate to linear, whitish-spiked lobes. Leaf spindle flat on top, arched underneath, narrowed towards the top, channel-shaped at the base, encompassing half of the stem and descending on the stem. Flower baskets on stems and branches solitary, upright, very floriferous, the stem-like ones larger, up to 4 cm wide, with short and rather thick stems. Enveloping chalice at first hemispherical, flat towards maturity, tile roof-shaped: scales at the edge, skin-like translucent. Flowers: the compound blasted, the lemon-yellow tubular flowers hermaphroditic, numerous; the female with ten to twenty white tongues that are striped purple underneath.
Annual root, vertical, 6–12 cm long and 5 mm thick, thinning towards the tip, occasionally sprouting branches or root fibers; odorless but burning hot. The dried German Bertram root differed from the Roman Bertram root in its smaller size and thickness, longitudinal instead of transverse wrinkles and a brown instead of yellow wooden body. The flowering period was from June to August.
Distribution and location requirements
The German Bertram was grown in Thuringia , around Magdeburg , in Vogtland, as well as in the Harz Mountains and in Bohemia . It thrived best on loamy, sandy soils.
Botanical history
A Bertram species was cultivated in Germany from the middle of the 16th century.
The German Bertram was either an annual descendant of the Perennial or Roman Bertram ( Anacyclus pyrethrum ) or it was a cultivar that was derived from a cross between Anacyclus pyrethrum and related species such as Gelber Bertram ( Anacyclus radiatus ) or Club Bertram ( Anacyclus clavatus ) originated. The botanist Friedrich Gottlob Hayne made 1825 on the clear differences of the different plants, which as Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. or Anthemis pyrethrum Desf. were named, attentively and described the plant grown in Germany as Anacyclus officinarum . It was only drawn sporadically and sometimes even secretly for fear of competition. It was also rarely represented in botanical gardens and herbaria . As early as 1888, only one farmer near Magdeburg is said to have grown the plant. After the cultivation of the fields, no more living plants or seeds could be found. The species has been lost in botanical gardens because it was temporarily confused with the high dog chamomile ( Cota altissima , Syn .: Anthemis altissima ). However, specimens of related species with a phenotypic similarity to the extinct plant were selected for breeding for illustrative purposes.
use
The root of the German Bertram was used in folk medicine as a tincture against toothache , mouth diseases, paralysis of the tongue and rubbed in for feelings of cold, cramps, paralysis and sciatica. She was as Radix Pyrethri germanici be official . However, both this species and the root of Anacyclus pyrethrum were offered under the name Radix Pyrethri , so the name is not unambiguous.
photos
Bertram (Anacyclus species). Illustration in: Hieronymus Bock . Herbal Book. Strasbourg 1546 edition
supporting documents
- Gottlieb Wilhelm Bischoff . Medicinal-Pharmaceutical Botany. Enke, Erlangen 1843, p. 465 University Library Düsseldorf digitized
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Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice .
- Berlin 1876, Volume II, p. 774: Pyrethrum University Library Düsseldorf digitized
- Berlin 1900, Volume II, p. 702: Pyrethrum University Library Düsseldorf digitized
- Karl Hammer. Resolving the challenge posed by agrobiodiversity and plant genetic resources - an attempt. Supplement No. 76 to Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. University press, Kassel 2003. p. 46: Anacyclus officinarum Uni Kassel pdf
- Friedrich Gottlob Hayne , Joh. Fr. Brandt. Representation and description of the medicinal plants which are included in the new Prussian Pharmacopoeia, sorted and explained according to natural families. Volume 9, Ambroius Abel, Leipzig 1825, No. 46: Anacyclus officinarum. Text Düsseldorf University Library, 2nd edition 1856, digitized Image University library Düsseldorf, 2nd edition 1856, digitized
- Christopher John Humphries 1979. A Revision of the genus Anacyclus L. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany series Vol 7 No 3. London.
- Koehler's medicinal plants . Volume II, Gera 1887, No 112: Anacyclus officinarum and Anacyclus pyrethrum Biodiversity Heritage Library digitized
- Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky . General medicinal-pharmaceutical flora. Mannheim 1831, Volume II, p. 681 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek digitized
- Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck and Karl Heinrich Ebermaier. Manual of Medicinisch-Pharmaceutischen Botany. Arnz & Comp., Düsseldorf 1831, Volume II, p. 764: Anacyclus officinarum Bayerische Staatsbibliothek digitized
- Karl Sigismund Kunth : Methodical performance and description of all officinal plants mentioned in the Pharmacopea borussica.
- Gerhard Wagenitz : Botanical Notes. Annoying and funny about plant names. Horticultural and Botanical Letter No. 199 (2015/2), pp. 54–56. Frankfurt a. M.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . Kreuterbuch . Basel 1543, chapter 247: Von Bertram (digitized version)
- ↑ Hieronymus Bock . Herbal Book. Strasbourg 1546 edition, Book I, Chapter 153 (digitized version)
- ↑ Jacobus Theodorus and Nicolaus Braun . Neuw Kreuterbuch. Volume I, Nicolaus Basseus, Frankfurt / Main 1588, 4th section, chapter I (p. 368) (digitized version)
- ↑ G. Pabst (editor): Köhler's medicinal plants in lifelike illustrations with brief explanatory texts. Volume II. Publishing house by Eugen Koehler, Gera-Untermhaus. 1883-1914. on page 112.
- ↑ Karl Hammer & Korous Khoshbakht: Towards a 'red list' for crop plant species. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (2005) 52: 249-265.
- ^ B. Fischer, C. Hartwich: Pyrethrum. In: Hagers Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice for Pharmacists, Doctors, Druggists and Medicinalbeamte. Second volume. Julius Springer Verlag, Berlin, 6th edition 1910. on page 702.