Anthemideae

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Anthemideae
Real chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

Real chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Anthemideae
Scientific name
Anthemideae
Cass.

The Anthemideae are a tribe in the subfamily of Asteroideae within the plant family of Compositae (Asteraceae). The tribe Anthemideae contains about (100 to) 110 genera with about 1750 species . Among other things, it contains genera such as yarrow , Artemisia or dog chamomiles , but also chamomiles , daisies and chrysanthemums .

description

Vegetative characteristics

There are one, biannual to perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants form as half shrubs or bushes . Many species have an aromatic scent, especially the leaves.

They have alternate, rarely opposite or grouped in rosettes leaves , which are usually divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blades are rarely simple, mostly they are divided, fingered or lobed. The leaf margins are smooth to serrated or serrated.

Longitudinal section of the cup-shaped inflorescences of the common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium ) and the common chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla ). The tubular flowers (inside) and the ray florets (outside) and the differences in the inflorescence axis can be seen.

Generative characteristics

The cup-shaped inflorescences are sometimes individually or a few in groups together, mostly they are in branched, very differently structured total inflorescences together. The baskets usually contain one, rarely several rows of ray flowers and tubular flowers (disc flowers) (see illustration ). There are usually two to four, rarely up to seven rows of bracts . The bottom of the basket is flat, convex to conical. Chaff leaves are present or missing.

The zygomorphic , two- to three-toothed ray florets are mostly female and fertile , only rarely are they sterile. The ray florets range in color from yellow, white and various shades of purple to pink and rarely reddish. The radial symmetry , four- or five-lobed tubular flowers are always fertile and mostly hermaphroditic, rarely functionally male. The tubular flowers are mostly, rarely pink to purple in color. The anthers have appendages. The pollen surface has spines or they are missing (without, for example, Ajaniopsis , Artemisia , Kaschgarica , Neopallasia ).

The achenes in an infructescence are usually all the same, rarely significantly different. The achenes are sometimes winged, usually without pappus , if a pappus is present then it usually consists of a few scales or is designed as a membranous border.

Systematics and distribution

The distribution of the tribe Anthemideae is almost worldwide. There are hardly any species in the tropics. However, most of the species are native to the Old World : Eurasia , North and South Africa. A particularly large number of species can be found in Central Asia , the Mediterranean region and in the Capensis . There are fewer species in North America and Australasia . 29 genera occur only in the southern hemisphere or have the center of their biodiversity there; there are about 290 species. In Pakistan there are 22 genera with around 91 species, in China around 26 genera and in North America 26 genera with around 99 species.

The Tribus Anthemideae was published by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in 1815 in Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris , p. 173 and 1819 in Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) , 88, p. 192.

Subtribus Anthemidinae: Archanthemis marshaliana
Subtribus Artemisiinae: The gold-and-silver chrysanthemum ( Ajania pacifica ) is used as an ornamental plant .
Subtribe Artemisiinae: Nipponanthemum nipponicum
Artemisiinae subtribe: Sphaeromeria compacta
Subtribus Athanasiinae: Athanasia acerosa
Subtribus Cotulinae: Cotula barbata in its natural habitat
Subtribe Cotulinae: Leptinella squalida
Subtribus Glebionidinae: Argyranthemum foeniculaceum
Subtribus Leucantheminae: Leucanthemum atratum
Subtribus Leucantheminae: Yellow Marguerite ( Coleostephus myconis )
Subtribus Leucanthemopsidinae: Leucanthemopsis alpina
Subtribus Matricariinae: Club-Bertram ( Anacyclus clavatus )
Subtribus Matricariinae: Perennial Bertram ( Anacyclus pyrethrum )
Subtribus Matricariinae: Otanthus maritimus
Subtribe Phymasperminae: Eumorphia sericea subsp. robustior
Subtribe Santolininae: Santolina chamaecyparissus
Subtribe Ursiniinae: Ursinia anthemoides
Subtribus Ursiniinae: beautiful bear chamomile ( Ursinia speciosa )
Aaronsohnia factorovskyi
Cancrinia krasnoborovii
Gonospermum elegans
Hulteniella integrifolia

The Anthemideae tribe is divided into 14 subtribes according to Oberprieler , Himmelreich and Vogt 2007 and contains around 111 genera (complete list, as of 2011) with around 1750 to 1800 species:

  • Subtribus Anthemidinae (Cass.) Dumort. : It contains about six genera:
    • Canine chamomiles ( Anthemis L. ): The 115 to 150 species are widespread from Pakistan and Central Asia westward to North Africa and Europe.
    • Archanthemis Lo Presti & Oberpr. : Of the only four species, one occurs only in the Asian part of Turkey, one in the Caucasus region, one in Turkey and in the Caucasus region and one in the European part of Russia.
    • Cota J.Gay ex cast. : The 40or sospecies are distributed from the Mediterranean to Asia Minor . This subheading includes, for example:
    • Nananthea DC. : It contains only one type:
    • Wildflowers ( Tanacetum L. , Syn .: Balsamita Mill. , Gonospermum Less. , Gymnocline Cass. , Lugoa DC. , Pyrethrum Medik. , Pyrethrum Zinn , Spathipappus Tzvelev ): The approximately 50 to 152 species (depending on the author, there are many species from other genera) are native to Europe, temperate areas of Asia and North Africa. Some species are grown in Africa for the production of Pyrethrum and are wild there; some species are also neophytes in North America and the southern hemisphere .
    • Beach chamomiles or ruderal chamomiles ( Tripleurospermum Sch. Bip. ): The 38 to 83 species are widespread in Europe, in the temperate climates of Asia, only a few species are also found in North America and North Africa.
  • Subtribe Artemisiinae Less. : It contains 17 to 20 genera:
    • Ajania Poljakov : Since 2017 there are only about 29 species left in the temperate climate of Asia: in China (all but one), Central Asia, Japan , Afghanistan and Pakistan .
    • Arctanthemum (Tzvelev) Tzvelev : The only two species occur in Finland and Russia .
    • Mugwort ( Artemisia L. , Syn .: Absinthium Mill. , Chamartemisia Rydb. , Elachanthemum Y.Ling & YRLing , Oligosporus Cass. , Seriphidium (Besser ex Hook.) Fourr. ): The approximately (380 to) 522 species are on the Widespread in the northern hemisphere, South America, South Africa and the Pacific islands.
    • Artemisiella Ghafoor : It contains only one species:
    • Brachanthemum DC. : The ten or so species are common in Central Asia.
    • Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum L. , Syn .: Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul. ): The 30 or so species are mainly found in East Asia and varieties of some species are cultivated in many countries.
    • Crossostephium Less. : The one to three types are common in Asia.
    • Filifolium Kitam. : It contains only one type:
    • Hippolytia Poljakov : The 19 or so species arewidespreadin Central Asia, Mongolia, China (only Xingiang and Xizang: six species), the Himalayas , Afghanistan and Pakistan.
    • Kaschgaria Polyakov : The only two types are common in Central Asia.
    • Leucanthemella Tzvelev : The only two types arewidespreadin Europe, Japan , Korea , Russia and China.
    • Mausolea Polyakov : It contains only one type:
    • Neopallasia Polyakov : it contains only one species:
      • Neopallasia pectinata (Pall.) Poljakov : It is widespread in Central Asia, southern Siberia, Mongolia and China.
    • Nipponanthemum (Kitam.) Kitam. : It contains only one type:
    • Phaeostigma Muldashev : The six species since 2017 are all found in China; two species are also found in the Himalayas and East Asia.
    • Picrothamnus Nutt. : It contains only one type:
    • Sphaeromeria Nutt. : with about nine species in North America and Mexico.
    • Stilpnolepis Krasch. : Only one or two species are common in Central Asia, Mongolia, and China.
    • Turaniphytum Poljakov : The only two species are common in Turkmenistan , Iran, Afghanistan and Kazakhstan .
  • Subtribus Athanasiinae (Less.) Lindl. ex whistle. : It contains about six genera. Almost all species occur only in the Capensis:
    • Adenoglossa B. North. : It contains only one type:
    • Athanasia L. (Syn .: Asaemia (Harv.) Benth. , Stilpnophyton Less. , Stilpnophytum Less. Orth. Var.): The approximately 39 species are all native to the Capensis.
    • Eriocephalus L .: The approximately 32 species are native to the Capensis.
    • Hymenolepis Cass. (Syn .: Phaeocephalus S.Moore ): The approximately seven species are native to the Capensis.
    • Lasiospermum Lag . : The only two to four species are native to the Capensis. But for Lasiospermum brachyglossum DC. there are localities in Egypt , Israel and Jordan.
    • Leucoptera B. North. : The only three species are native to the Capensis.
  • Subtribus cotulinae putty. : It contains about ten genera. Most species only occur in the southern hemisphere, with a focus on biodiversity in the Capensis:
    • Adenanthellum B. North. (Syn .: Adenanthemum B.Nord. ): It contains only one species:
    • Lye flowers ( Cotula L. , Syn .: Sphaeroclinium (DC.) Sch.Bip. ): The total of about (44 to) 55 species are mainly found in the southern hemisphere ; mainly in the Capensis with broadcasting to Eastern Africa, South America as well as Mexico and Australia as well as New Zealand. There are only a few species on the Arabian Peninsula and in North Africa, or in northeastern Asia with two species each in China and Pakistan, as well as southern oceanic islands.
    • Hilliardia B. North. : It contains only one type:
    • Hippia L .: The approximately eight species are native to the Capensis.
    • Inezia E. Phillips : The only two species are native to the Capensis. (There is also a genus of birds Inezia Cherrie, 1909 in South America)
    • Leptinella Cass. : The 33 or so species are distributed in New Guinea , Australia, New Zealand, South America, the Falkland Islands and other sub-Antarctic islands.
    • Lidbeckia P.J.Bergius : The only two species are found in the Capensis.
    • Schistostephium Less. (Syn .: Peyrousea DC. ): There are about twelve species in southern and tropical Africa, nine of them in the Capensis.
    • Soliva Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Gymnostyles Juss. ): The eight or so species are mainly found in South America, there are species in North America and Australia. Soliva sessilis is an invasive plant in South Africa. Soliva anthemifolia is an invasive plant in China.
    • Thaminophyllum Harv. : The three species are endemic to the western capensis.
  • Subtribus Glebionidinae Oberpr: & Vog t: It contains only three to four genera with almost 30 species:
    • Argyranthemum Webb ex Sch.Bip. (Syn .: Chrysanthemum L. sect. Argyranthemum (Webb ex Sch.Bip.) Bentham & Hook. F. , Chrysanthemum L. sect. Magarsa DC. ): The approximately 24 species are mainlynativeto the Canary Islands ( Macaronesia ), for example:
      • Shrub marguerite ( Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. , Syn .: Chrysanthemum frutescens L. ): Its varieties are used worldwide as bedding and balcony plants.
    • Glebionis Cass. (Syn .: Xanthophthalmum Sch.Bip. Orth. Var., Xantophtalmum Sch.Bip. ): The only two (to three) species are native to the Mediterranean and Macaronesia . Today they are neophytes in many parts of the world; for example:
    • Heteranthemis Schott : It contains only one species:
    • Ismelia Cass. : It contains only one type:
      • Colorful exuberant flower ( Ismelia carinata (Schousb.) Sch.Bip. ): It is originally native to northwestern Africa. It is used as an ornamental plant and is wild in many parts of the world (neophyte).
  • Subtribus Handeliinae Bremer & Humphries : It contains about ten genera in Asia with a focus on biodiversity from Iran, in Central Asia to Afghanistan:
    • Allardia Decne. (Syn .: Waldheimia Kar. & Kir. ): The eightor soalpine species are common in Afghanistan, Central Asia and the Himalayas ; six species are found in Pakistan.
    • Handelia Heimerl : It only contains one species:
    • Lepidolopsis Polyakov : it contains only one species:
    • Microcephala Pobed. : The only four species arewidespreadin Central Asia, Iran , Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
    • Pseudohandelia Tzvelev : it contains only one species:
    • Richteria Kar. & Kir. : The only three species in Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Mongolia, in China only in Xinjiang as well as in the Autonomous Region of Tibet and in the Himalayas .
    • Sclerorhachis (Rech. F.) Rech. F. : The four or so species occur in Iran and Afghanistan.
    • Tanacetopsis (Tzvelev) Kovalevsk. : The approximately 23 species are distributed in Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia.
    • Trichanthemis Regel & Schmalh. : The nine or so species are common in Central Asia.
    • Xylanthemum Tzvelev : The nine or so species are distributed in Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
  • Subtribus Leucantheminae Bremer & Humphries : It contains about eight genera in the Mediterranean, southern and central Europe with about 60 species:
    • Chlamydophora Ehrenb. ex Less. : It contains only one type:
    • Chrysanthoglossum B.H.Wilcox, BHWilcox, K.Bremer & Humphries : The only two species are common in North Africa.
    • Coleostephus Cass. (Syn .: Bulbostylis DC. ): The only three species are common in the Mediterranean area. Including:
    • Glossopappus Kunze : It contains only one species:
      • Glossopappus macrotus (Durieu) Briq. & Cavill. : It is native to the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa.
    • Marguerites ( Leucanthemum Mill. ): The 33 or so species are mainly found in Europe (especially in Central and Southern Europe) and only one species occurs in North Africa ( Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia ).
    • Mauranthemum Vogt & Oberpr. (Syn .: Leucoglossum B.H. Wilcox et al. ): The four or so species are common in the Mediterranean region.
    • Plagius L'Hér. ex DC. : The approximately three species are common in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia .
    • Rhodanthemum (Vogt) BHWilcox, K.Bremer & Humphries : The 15 or so species are common in North Africa and Spain.
  • Subtribus Leucanthemopsidinae Oberpr. & Vogt : It contains about four genera with only about twelve species from Europe to northwestern Africa:
    • Castrilanthemum Vogt & Oberpr. : It contains only one type:
    • Hymenostemma (Kunze) Willk. : It contains only one type:
    • Alpine wild flowers ( Leucanthemopsis (Giroux) Heywood ): The nine or so species are common in Europe and northwestern Africa.
    • Prolongoa Boiss. : It contains only one type:
  • Subtribus Matricariinae Willk. : It contains about five genera:
    • Yarrow ( Achillea L. , Syn .: Leucocyclus Boiss. ): The approximately 115 (to 211) species are widespread in Eurasia and throughout the Mediterranean region; species are also found in North America.
    • Bertram ( Anacyclus L. ): The twelve or so species are distributed in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
    • Heliocauta Humphries : It contains only one species:
    • Chamomiles ( Matricaria L. , Syn .: Chamomilla Gray ): The seven or so species are widespread in Europe, Asia Minor , temperate regions of Asia, North Africa and North America. Some species are neophytes in many areas, including the southern hemisphere.
    • Otanthus Hoffmanns. & Link : It contains only one type:
      • Snow-white beach felt flower ( Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link ): It is widespread in North Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean region and north to the coast of Great Britain. In the Canary Islands, the originality is doubtful. According to Werner Greuter and E. von Raab-Straube, however, it is better than Achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. & YP Guo to the genus Achillea .
  • Subtribus Osmitopsidinae Oberpr. & Himmelreich : It contains only one genus:
  • Subtribus Pentziinae Oberpr: & Himmelreich : It contains about seven genera. Almost all species are only found in the Capensis:
    • Cymbopappus B. North . : The only three species are native to the Capensis.
    • Foveolina Källersjö : The five species are native to the Capensis.
    • Marasmodes DC. : The eight species are endemic to the western capensis.
    • Myxopappus Källersjö : The only two species are native to the Capensis.
    • Oncosiphon Källersjö : The eight species are native to the Capensis.
    • Pentzia Thunb. : The 23 species are distributed in Africa, 21 of which are native to the Capensis.
    • Rennera Merxm. : The four species are native to the Capensis.
  • Subtribus Phymasperminae Oberpr: & Himmelreich : It contains about three genera. All about 26 species are only found in the Capensis:
    • Eumorphia DC. : The approximately six species are native to the Capensis.
    • Gymnopentzia Benth. : It contains only one type:
    • Phymaspermum Less. (Syn .: Adenachaena DC. , Brachymeris DC. ): The approximately 19 species are native to the Capensis.
  • Subtribe Santolininae Willk. : It contains about five genera:
    • Roman chamomiles ( Chamaemelum Mill. , Syn .: Ormenis (Cass.) Cass. ): The only two (to six) species are common in Europe and North Africa.
    • Cladanthus Cass. : The five or so species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Asia Minor. Some species are neophytes in many areas of the world.
    • Mecomischus Coss. ex Benth. & Hook. f. : The only two types are common in North Africa.
    • Rhetinolepis Coss. : It contains only one type:
    • Santolina L .: The eight to over twelve species are common in the Mediterranean area.
  • Subtribus Ursiniinae Bremer & Humphries : It contains only one genus:
  • The following are not classified in a subtribe:

use

Few species are used as vegetables: colorful exuberant flower ( Ismelia carinata ), crown exuberant flower ( Glebionis coronaria ) and seed exuberant flower ( Glebionis segetum ).

Many medicinal and aromatic plants with essential oils can be found in the Tribus Anthemideae . The best known representatives are the real camomiles (genus Matricaria ). Other important genera are: with medicinal plants - species such as dog chamomile ( Anthemis ), yarrow ( Achillea ), mugwort ( Artemisia ), but also aromatic plants such as tarragon ( Artemisia dracunculus ).

The best known of ornamental plants are chrysanthemums ( Chrysanthemum ) and daisies ( Leucanthemum ).

Insecticides ( pyrethrum ), for example, are obtained from various Tanacetum species. Artemisia capillaris , for example, is used medicinally .

swell

  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: Asteraceae tribe Anthemideae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 485 (English). , HTML version on efloras.org (sections description and systematics).
  • Yourun Lin (Ling Yuou-ruen), Zhu Shi, Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 653 (English). , PDF file, HTML version on efloras.org (sections description and systematics).
  • Abdul Ghafoor: Flora of Pakistan 207: Asteraceae (I) - Anthemideae. University of Karachi, Department of Botany / Missouri Botanical Press, Karachi / St. Louis 2002, HTML version on efloras.org.
  • Christoph Oberprieler, Robert Vogt, LE Watson: Tribe Anthemideae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit, Charles Jeffrey (Eds.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 8: Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1 , pp. 342–373 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Tribe Senecioneae in southern Africa. at the Biodiversity Explorer of Iziko Museums of Cape Town.
  • Werner Greuter : Anthemideae. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006 ff. (Section systematics).
  • Sven Himmelreich, Mari Källersjö, P. Eldenäs, Christoph Oberprieler: Phylogeny of southern hemisphere Compositae-Anthemideae based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA ndhF sequence information. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 272, No. 1-4, 2008, pp. 131-153, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-007-0634-y .
  • Christoph Oberprieler, Sven Himmelreich, Mari Källersjö, Joan Vallès, Linda E. Watson, Robert Vogt: Tribe Anthemideae Cass. In: Vicki A. Funk, A. Susanna, Tod Stuessy, R. Bayer (Eds.): Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of the Compositae. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), Washington / Vienna, 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1 , pp. 631-666, PDF file.
  • Christoph Oberprieler, Sven Himmelreich, Robert Vogt: A new subtribal classification of the tribe Anthemideae (Compositae). In: Willdenowia. Volume 37, No. 1, 2007, pp. 89-114, doi: 10.3372 / wi.37.37104 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Anthemideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ↑ a b c Rosa Maria Lo Presti, Stephanie Oppolzer, Christoph Oberprieler: A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of the Mediterranean genus Anthemis sl (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on three molecular markers and micromorphological characters. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1441-1456. JSTOR 20774040
  3. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  4. ↑ a b c Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Med Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Yourun Lin (Ling Yuou-ruen), Zhu Shi, Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds .): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 653 (English). , PDF file, online with the same text as the printed work .
  6. ↑ a b Yuan Huang, Yi-Ming An, Shi-Yong Meng, Yan-Ping Guo, Guang-Yuan Rao: Taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of Phaeostigma in the subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae). In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 55, Issue 5, 2017, pp. 426-436. doi: 10.1111 / jse.12257
  7. ↑ Vernon Hilton Heywood : Coleostephus Cass. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 4, page 174. Cambridge University Press 1976. ISBN 0-521-08717-1

Web links

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