Chrysanthemums
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The chrysanthemums ( Chrysanthemum ) are a genus of plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The over 40 species are mainly found in East Asia. Their many varieties are among the most important ornamental plants .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Chrysanthemum species are perennial, usually herbaceous plants , but occasionally woody at the base subshrubs . The above-ground parts of the plant are bare or hairy ( indumentum ).
The alternately arranged leaves are more or less long stalked or sessile. The leaf blades are weakly to strongly pinnate, palmate, lobed, toothed or sometimes with entire margins.
Generative characteristics
The basket-shaped inflorescences are often individually, or in loose, zymösen or schirmtraubigen total inflorescences together.
In the more or less cup-shaped or rarely bell-shaped involucre , the bracts lie on top of each other in four or five rows like roof tiles. The bracts are broadly skinned with white, brown or dark brown margins or the outermost and middle ones are herbaceous and pinnately lobed to pinnate. The bottom of the basket is convex to slightly conical. Chaff leaves are missing.
In the flower heads there are ray and tubular flowers. Arranged in a row (in some cultivars are there are several or many rows) florets (= ray florets) are female fertile and have a white, pink to red or yellow tongue. The many hermaphroditic, fertile tubular flowers (= disc flowers) are yellow, the tubular to conical corolla-tube is five-lobed, glandular and wingless. The blunt at their base anthers have projections at the upper end lanceolate-ovate or narrowly elliptical.
The almost stalk-round or obovate achenes are weakly five- to eight-ribbed. One pappus is missing.
Systematics, botanical history and distribution
The genus name Chrysanthemum dates back to the already in Pliny the Elder used name chrisánthemo , χρυσάνθεμο , chrysanthemum = the gold flower, gold flower made of: ancient Greek χρυσός Chrysos , German , Gold ' and ἄνθος Anthos , German , blossom, flower' .
The genus Chrysanthemum was formally established by Carl von Linné in 1753 . Synonyms for Chrysanthemum L. are: Arctanthemum (Tzvelev) Tzvelev , Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul. , Dendranthema sect. Arctanthemum Tzvelev , Pyrethrum sect. Dendranthema DC.
De Candolle had created the section Dendranthema in 1834 , which Charles Robert Alexandre Des Moulins raised to the generic name in 1860, to which he also assigned the type species Chrysanthemum indicum , among other things . The name Dendranthema was hardly used until Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev in 1961 and Karl Bremer in 1993 declared it valid. The resistance to this renaming led in 1995 to the application by Piers Trehane to preserve the name Chrysanthemum . In 1998 the ICBN complied with the request.
The genus Chrysanthemum belongs to the subertribus Artemisiinae from the tribe Anthemideae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae . The genus Chrysanthemum is very close to some other genera, particularly the Ajania . Natural and artificial crossings of species, including those across genus boundaries (such as Ajania, Crossostephium chinense , Nipponanthemum nipponicum , Leucanthemella linearis , Tanacetum vulgare or Tanacetum parthenium ) repeatedly questioned the delimitation of the genus and its related genera. As early as 2004 it was proposed to unite the genus Chrysanthemum with the genera Ajania , Arctanthemum and Phaeostigma . Molecular genetic studies support this (with the exception of Phaeostigma ), according to more recent studies the chrysanthemums form a clade together with the Ajania, Ophistopappus and Elachanthemum .
The genus Chrysanthemum is divided into two sections (Sect. Chrysanthemum and Sect. Chlorochlamys ).
The genus Chrysanthemum is mainly found in East Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Russia). There are about 22 species in China, 13 of them only there.
The genus Chrysanthemum includes 37 to over 40 species:
- Chrysanthemum aphrodite Kitam. : It occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu .
- Chrysanthemum arcticum L .: It occurs in the Chinese province of Hebei , in Russia's Far East and in western North America.
- Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum Y.Ling : It thrives on rocks on mountain slopes at altitudes of 1400 to 2100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Henan and Shaanxi .
- Chrysanthemum arisanense Hayata : It occurs in Taiwan and in the Chinese province of Jiangsu .
- Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum Grubov : It occurs in Mongolia.
- Chrysanthemum chanetii H.Lév. (Syn .: Chrysanthemum erubescens Stapf , Chrysanthemum maximoviczianum Y.Ling ): It occurs in Russia , Korea , Mongolia , Inner Mongolia , Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning , Ningxia , Shaanxi , Shandong and Shanxi .
- Chrysanthemum crassum (Kitam.) Kitam. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese islands of Kyushu and the Ryūkyū Islands .
- Chrysanthemum dichrum (C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek. : This endemic thrives on mountain slopes only in Neiqiu in Hebei.
- Chrysanthemum foliaceum (GFPeng, C.Shih & SQZhang) JMWang & YTHou : This endemic thrives on roadsides at altitudes of 100 to 300 meters only in Jinan in Shandong.
- Chrysanthemum glabriusculum (WWSm.) Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Chrysanthemum brachyglossum Y.Ling ): It thrives on mountain slopes at altitudes of 900 to 2600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan .
- Chrysanthemum horaimontanum Masamune : It thrives on rocky slopes at altitudes of 1200 to 1400 meters only in Taiwan.
- Chrysanthemum hypargyrum Diels (Syn .: Chrysanthemum licentianum W.C.Wu , Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum C.C.Chang ): It thrives on meadows on mountain slopes at altitudes of 1400 to 3900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Sichuan.
- Autumn chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum indicum L. , Syn .: Chrysanthemum indicum var. Coreanum H.Lév. , Chrysanthemum indicum var. Edule Kitam. , Chrysanthemum indicum var. Hibernum Makino , Chrysanthemum indicum var. Litorale Y.Ling , Chrysanthemum indicum var. lushanense (Kitam.) Hand.-Mazz. , Chrysanthemum lushanense Kitam. , Chrysanthemum nankingense Hand.-Mazz. , Chrysanthemum procumbens Lour. , Chrysanthemum sabinii Lindl. ): It is in Uzbekistan , Russia, India , Bhutan , Nepal , Japan, widespread in North and South Korea , Taiwan, and the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Shandong, Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Chrysanthemum japonense (Makino) Nakai : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Shikoku .
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Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium (Fisch. Ex Trautv.) Makino : There are at least three varieties:
- Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium var. Discoideum Hand.-Mazz. : This endemic thrives on mountain slopes at altitudes of around 2700 meters only in Kangding in Sichuan.
- Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium (Fisch. Ex Trautv.) Makino var. Lavandulifolium (Syn .: Chrysanthemum bellum Gruening , Chrysanthemum boreale Makino non (Fisch. Ex DC.) B.Fedtschenko , Chrysanthemum indicum var. Acutum Uyeki , Chrysanthemum jucundum Nakai & Kitagawa , Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium var. acutum (Uyeki) CYLI , Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium var. jucundum (Nakai & Kitagawa) Kitam. , Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium var. sianense Kitam. , Chrysanthemum namikawanum Kitam. , Chrysanthemum seticuspe (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz. , Chrysanthemum wilsonianum hand .-Mazz. ): It comes in India, Korea Japan, Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Jilin , Liaoning , Qinghai , Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang as well in Xinjiang .
- Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium var. Tomentellum Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Chrysanthemum boreale var. Tomentellum (Hand.-Mazz.) Kitam. ): It thrives on mountain slopes at altitudes from 2000 to 2500 meters in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
- Chrysanthemum longibracteatum (C.Shih, GFPeng & SYJin) JMWang & YTHou : This endemic thrives on the edges of woodland only along paths at altitudes of about 100 meters only in Jinan in Shandong.
- Chrysanthemum makinoi Matsum. & Nakai (Syn .: Chrysanthemum japonicum (Maxim.) Makino ): This endemic occurs only on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku.
- Chrysanthemum mawii Hook. f. : It only occurs in Morocco .
- Chrysanthemum maximowiczii Kom . : It occurs in Inner Mongolia, Korea and Russia's Far East.
- Chrysanthemum mongolicum Y.Ling : It occurs in Siberia, Russia's Far East, Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.
- Chrysanthemum morii Hayata : This rare species thrives on limestone rock walls at altitudes of 400 to 2400 meters only in Taiwan.
- Chrysanthemum naktongense Nakai (Syn .: Chrysanthemum zawadskii subsp. Latilobum (Maxim.) Kitagawa , Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. Latilobum (Maxim.) Kitam. , Chrysanthemum zawadskii subsp. Naktongense (Nakai Russia ) YNLee ): It comes in Korea., In Russia Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong and Shanxi.
- Chrysanthemum okiense Kitam. : This endemic occurs only in the Japanese Shimane and Yamaguchi .
- Chrysanthemum oreastrum Hance (Syn .: Chrysanthemum sibiricum var. Alpinum Nakai , Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. Alpinum (Nakai) Kitam. ): It occurs in Korea and in Russia's Far East and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Jilin and Yunnan.
- Chrysanthemum ornatum Hemsl.
- Gold-and-silver chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum pacificum Nakai , Syn .: Ajania pacifica (Nakai) K.Bremer & Humphries , Dendranthema pacificum (Nakai) Kitam. ): This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .
- Chrysanthemum parvifolium C.C.Chang : Known only from the type material, it was collected on a rocky slope near a small river in Guizhou.
- Chrysanthemum potentilloides Hand.-Mazz. : It thrives in the foothills of low mountain ranges at altitudes of 1000 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi.
- Chrysanthemum rhombifolium (Y.Ling & C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek. : This endemic thrives on mountain slopes only in Wushan County in northeastern Chongqing.
- Chrysanthemum sinuatum Ledeb. : It occurs in Mongolia and the Altai .
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Chrysanthemum vestitum (Hemsl.) Stapf : There have been two varieties since 2010:
- Chrysanthemum vestitum var. Latifolium J.Zhou & Jun Y.Chen : It was first described in 2010 and thrives on shady slopes by flowing waters at altitudes of around 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and perhaps Henan.
- Chrysanthemum vestitum (Hemsl.) Stapf var. Vestitum : It thrives on low mountain slopes and on hills at altitudes of 300 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei and Shaanxi.
- Chrysanthemum weyrichii (Maxim.) Miyabe : It occurs on the Russian Sakhalin Islands and on the Japanese island of Hokkaido .
- Chrysanthemum yoshinaganthum Makino ex Kitam. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Shikoku .
- Chrysanthemum zawadzkii Herbich (Syn .: Chrysanthemum gmelinii Ledeb. , Chrysanthemum hwangshanense Y.Ling , Chrysanthemum maximoviczianum var. Dissectum Y.Ling , Chrysanthemum naktongense var. Dissectum (Y.Ling) Hand.-Mazz. , Chrysanthemum sibiricum (DC.) Fish . ex Komarov , Chrysanthemum zawadskii subsp. acutilobum (DC.) Kitagawa ): It comes from Russia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi , Shandong and Shanxi.
use
The garden chrysanthemum , which has been cultivated in China for 1600 years, is particularly valued ; as early as the eleventh century there were 36 varieties there. The garden chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. , Syn .: Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine ) originated in culture from different species.
Late 17th century for the first time chrysanthemums came to Europe in 1862 sent Robert Fortune forms of culture from Japan to Europe, the foundation of the European chrysanthemum breeding were. Chrysanthemum varieties are used around the world as ornamental plants for parks, gardens and cemeteries, and as cut flowers . The garden chrysanthemum is even considered "one of the most important horticultural crops". The number of varieties is now estimated at a few thousand.
The autumn chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum indicum ) in particular can be brewed with fresh and dried plant parts to make an aromatic tea . The flower heads, leaves and achenes are used. The flower heads are pickled in vinegar. Young leaves are eaten cooked. The medical effects were examined. An oil is obtained. In addition, it should be very aromatic when added to bath water .
Use in heraldry
A stylized 16-petalled chrysanthemum flower serves as the national and imperial seal of Japan .
proof
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Zhu Shi, Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: Chrysanthemum Linnaeus. , Pp. 669-674 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 .
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
- ↑ a b c Chrysanthemum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Application Trehane in Taxon , Volume 44, 1995, p. 439.441; Decision Taxon , Volume 47, 1998, pp. 443f .; Appendix IIIa of the ICBN, "Nomina Generica Conservanda Et Rejicienda - E. Spermatophyta E3: Dicotyledones" , online
- ^ Abdul Ghafoor: Flora of Pakistan 207: Asteraceae (I) - Anthemideae. University of Karachi, Department of Botany, Karachi 2002, p. 49 (as Dendranthema ), online.
- ↑ a b c d Hong-Bo Zhao, Fa-Di Chen, Su-Mei Chen, Guo-Sheng Wu, Wei-Ming Guo: Molecular phylogeny of Chrysanthemum, Ajania and its allies (Anthemideae, Asteraceae) as inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL-F IGS sequences. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 284, No. 3-4, 2010, pp. 153-169, DOI: 10.1007 / s00606-009-0242-0
- ↑ a b c d HE Zhao, ZH Liu, X. Hu, JL Yin, W. Li, GY Rao, XH Zhang, CL Huang, N. Anderson, QX Zhang, JY Chen: Chrysanthemum genetic resources and related genera of Chrysanthemum collected in China. In: Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution , Volume 56, 2009, pp. 937-946, DOI: 10.1007 / s10722-009-9412-8 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Chrysanthemum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Hans Simon (ed.): The outdoor ornamental shrubs. Manual and lexicon of garden perennials . Founded by Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht. 5th completely revised edition. tape 1 : A-H . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 , pp. 213-214 .
- ↑ Entries on Chrysanthemum in Plants For A Future
Web links
- Chrysanthemum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
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