Garden chrysanthemum
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Garden chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum ) |
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| ( Ramat. ) Kitam. |
The garden chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum , Syn . : Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam.) Is an ornamental plant from the genus of chrysanthemums ( Chrysanthemum ). It is a hybrid of East Asian parent species that has been bred in China for 3000 years.
description
The garden chrysanthemum grows as a perennial herbaceous or slightly woody plant that reaches heights of 20 to 150 centimeters. The stems are upright. The leaves are broadly ovoid in outline and merge into the petiole in a wedge shape, the length of the leaves is more than 6 centimeters. The lower leaves are pinnate, further up the stem they become increasingly whole. Their texture is thick and leathery. In complexly structured total inflorescences there are a few to many cup-shaped partial inflorescences. The ray florets can have colors from green, white, or yellow, pink to purple in the many varieties. There are single and double-flowered varieties.
Botanical history
The parents of the garden chrysanthemum are various East Asian chrysanthemums . The main parent is the autumn chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum indicum ), the proportion of other species in the hybrids is unclear in numerous cases.
In China they can be found since about 500 BC. Prove. In 1630 more than 500 varieties were named there. In Europe, especially in Holland, they have been known since the middle of the 17th century, but their general distribution did not take place until the 19th century.
After three Chinese garden forms were introduced to France in 1789, the botanist Thomas Albin Joseph d'Audibert de Ramatuelle was the first to recognize that these did not belong to Chrysanthemum indicum L. and assigned them to a new species, Anthemis grandiflora , which Siro Kitamura added to the Hybrid Dendranthema × grandiflora , which has been called Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum since the genus name Chrysanthemum was restored in 1998 . This name was first used by Broussonet in 1805 alongside Ch. Indicum , but as a nomen nudum without a description or reference to another author. Ramatuelle himself had suggested the name Chrysanthemum morifolium as an alternative , but the authors of the Flora of China 2011, for example, have justified doubts about the validity of this proposal . Other synonyms are, for example, Chrysanthemum × hortorum hort. fide WTMill. , Chrysanthemum × indicum hort. and Chrysanthemum × morifolium Hemsl.
The name Chrysanthemum × hortorum is difficult to recognize as a botanical name, since the author Wilhelm Miller only lists it as a nomen nudum without referring to a botanical description. He writes: "The common chrysanthemums of the florists ( C. hortorum ) are often called 'large-flowering' and 'autumn chrysanthemums,' to distinguish them from the hardy outdoor kinds, although neither of these popular names is entirely accurate or distinctive. They are the blended product of C. indicum and C. morifolium , two species of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. The outdoor or hardy chrysanthemums are derived from the same species, being less developed forms. The florist's chrysanthemum is not necessarily a glasshouse subject. "
The more than 1,000 varieties that have existed in Europe since the 19th century are divided into numerous variety groups. The oldest group of indicum hybrids is the autumn chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum indicum ), the Koreanum hybrids known since 1917 come from the Chrysanthemum zawadzkii Herbich group , the rubellum hybrids that came to England in 1930 go to Chrysanthemum chanetii H.Lév . back.
health
In naturopathy and Ayurveda medicine, the “ flower ” is used against eye infections and blemished skin. It is also considered to be air-purifying.
In some cases, contact with parts of plants can cause skin irritation and allergies.
Cultural meaning
In Japan , the chrysanthemum, especially the garden chrysanthemum ( Japanese 菊 , kiku ) is the symbol of the imperial family and the throne is also known as the chrysanthemum throne. The imperial chrysanthemum seal is also used as the national coat of arms and the highest Japanese decoration is the order of chrysanthemums .
In France, the garden chrysanthemum stands for death and mourning. It is associated with the Catholic festival of All Saints' Day .
In the language of flowers , chrysanthemum means - My heart is free.
See also
swell
- Zhu Shi, Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: Chrysanthemum. , P. 669 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ruth Schneebeli-Graf: Flower Country China Volume 1 , Birkhäuser, 1995, ISBN 9783764351823 , p. 80 f.
- ↑ a b c Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 . , Pp. 612-613
- ↑ Journal d'Histoire Naturelle 2 (1792), p. 234.
- ↑ Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica 29 (1978), no. 6, p. 165.
- ↑ Broussonet, Pierre-Marie-Auguste: Elenchus Horti Botanici Monspeliensis, Montpellier 1805, p. 15
- ↑ Broussonet, Pierre-Marie-Auguste: Elenchus Horti Botanici Monspeliensis, Montpellier 1805, p. 240.
- ↑ Zhu Shi, Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: Chrysanthemum. , P. 669 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 .
- ↑ in: LHBailey: The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, New York 1927, vol. 1, pp. 758f.
- ^ Sebastian Pole: Ayurvedic medicine: the principles of traditional practice . Elsevier Health Sciences, 2006, ISBN 978-0-443-10090-1 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- ↑ Barbara Urbon: Healthy knowledge from nature: Medicinal herbs today . Georg Thieme, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-2247-1 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ^ Franz von Bruchhausen: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice . Springer, 1930, ISBN 978-3-540-52688-9 , pp. 511–515 ( Dendranthema grandiflorum from p. 511 in the Google book search).