Sea buckthorn

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Sea buckthorn
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Rose-like (rosales)
Family : Olive family (Elaeagnaceae)
Genre : Sea Buckthorn ( Hippophae )
Type : Sea buckthorn
Scientific name
Hippophae rhamnoides
L.

Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides ), also pheasant (s) beer (s) , Haffdorn , Seedorn and often "Lemon of the North", is a plant of the genus of buckthorn ( Hippophaë ) within the family of elaeagnaceae (Elaeagnaceae). The botanical genus name Hippophae contains the two Greek words hippos (horse) and phaes (shining). The specific epithet rhamnoides goes back to the word rhamnus , which means thorn and refers to the reinforcement of the sea buckthorn. The fruits of the sea buckthorn are known for their high vitamin C content and are used in particular in foods and beverages as well as in skin care products.

description

bark
Flowers of a male sea buckthorn
Flowers of a female sea buckthorn
Illustration during a storm

Appearance and Root

The sea buckthorn grows as a deciduous shrub and reaches heights of 1 to 6 meters. The branches of the sea buckthorn form thorny short shoots and, like the buds, appear bronze-colored to silver-gray through numerous small adjacent scales ( pupils ).

It has a deep and extensive root system that extends 1.5 to 3 meters in depth and up to 12 meters on all sides in a horizontal or oblique direction. The enrichment or long roots that arise at the root neck crawl just below the surface of the earth. They form abundant root brood and ensure that they are firmly anchored even on shallow soils, such as those found in coastal areas with extensive steep banks.

leaf

Shield hair on the underside of the leaf, micrograph with polarized light

The alternate leaves are willow-like and have short stems. Depending on the subspecies, they have a length between 40 and 80 millimeters and a width of around 3 to 8 millimeters. The simple leaf blade is linear-lanceolate with a wedge-shaped base and a pointed to blunt tip. The smooth leaf edge rolls up slightly. The upper side of the leaf is initially covered with star-shaped hairs, then becomes bald and then shows a gray-green color. The underside of the leaf is densely covered with shield hairs and therefore has white, felty hairs.

Inflorescence and flower

The sea buckthorn is dioecious ( diocesan ) and flowers before the leaves shoot. The small yellowish, unisexual flowers are visible in Central Europe from March and the flowering period extends from March to May. They form at the base of last year's shoots. The male flowers are on very short stems in a spherical inflorescence. Petals are not trained. The four stamens are covered by a deep, two-petalled calyx tube , the tips of which are longer than the calyx tube. The pollen is stored in the sepals and only spread over the wind when it has dried. The 5 millimeter, female yellow-green, tubular flowers have a slightly longer stalk. They stand in a short spike-shaped inflorescence. They have a longer calyx tube than the male flowers, which is equipped with two short calyx tips. The upper permanent ovary consists of a fruit sheet containing an ovule. It turns into a long stylus .

fruit

From the beginning of August to the beginning of December, the plant produces the characteristic 6 to 8 millimeter long, oval, orange-red to yellow fruits, which are botanically referred to as false stone fruits . They develop in large numbers on the branches of the female shrubs and are formed with the participation of the calyx tube, which becomes fleshy when ripe and which surrounds the single seed per fruit. The pulp has a thin, pulpy consistency and contains essential oils . The fruit skin appears dotted with flat, shield-shaped scale hairs. The stone-like seeds , which are brown on the outside, are elongated, round and have a white core. They are 2.8 to 5.3 millimeters long and their width varies from 1.4 to 2.7 millimeters. They need light and cold to germinate.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

ecology

Pollination and Spread

The flowers of the sea buckthorn are usually pollinated by the wind . The discussion has not yet clarified whether insects also play a role as pollinators. The seeds are spread through digestion , for example, by birds that eat the fruit, and the seeds are also transmitted through water . Root shoots ensure vegetative reproduction , a form of self- expansion in the broad sense. The seeds need cold and light for successful germination.

Adjustments

The deep root system and the shield hairs on the underside of the leaves are interpreted as the ability of the plant to adapt to drought.

Synecology

The common buckthorn lives in symbiosis with air nitrogen-fixing Frankia bacteria, which as actinorhizal plant is called. As a winter bird, the fruits are a great help to birds such as B. the pheasant , an important resource in the cold season. The sea ​​buckthorn fire sponge ( Fomitiporia hippophaëcola ) classified as endangered according to the Red List (CH ), a fungus that is assigned to the saprotrophic species, grows exclusively on dead wood of the sea buckthorn . For the caterpillars of the sea ​​buckthorn hawk ( Hyles hippophaes ), the sea buckthorn is the most important forage plant.

Occurrence

distribution

The original home of the sea buckthorn is in Nepal . Ice age shifts then led to further spread. The common sea buckthorn is assigned to the Eurasian floral element . Its main distribution area is in East and West Asia and includes both Siberia and the People's Republic of China . The European distribution area extends across Central Europe from the Pyrenees over the Alps and the Alpine foothills to the Caucasus . It encompasses north-western Europe and finds its northern border there in Norway .

Pollen finds from the high and late glacial periods of the Weichselian glacial period indicate that the sea buckthorn is native to Europe, with anthropogenic influences having an impact on its current locations in the area and thus (also) being widespread as a neophyte in all German federal states. Autochthonous occurrences can be found scattered in southern and central Bavaria , south-east and west Baden-Württemberg and north-west Lower Saxony . From Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and East Schleswig-Holstein there is evidence of scattered stocks in coastal regions , in East Schleswig-Holstein also on the lower reaches of the Trave .

Location

The sea buckthorn prefers calcareous sand and gravel soils in sunny locations at altitudes from the plain up to 1800 meters in the Alps and 5000 meters in Asia.

He likes to colonize sparse pine forests and clearings in dry pine forests. Dry floodplains and gravel corridors as well as rocky slopes and gravelly banks of mountain streams are among its usual locations. As a pioneer plant, it is a common species on the coast of the sea , especially on fixed dunes , but also in steppes .

As secondary locations, it settles in gravel pits and road embankments. As a hedge and ornamental plant in near-natural gardens and parks, it is grown beyond natural resources.

The common sea buckthorn is a characteristic species of the sea buckthorn and barberry bushes and an accompaniment to alpine rose and mountain pine bushes .

Systematics

The species Hippophae rhamnoides L. was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , page 1023-1024 . The botanical genus name Hippophae contains the two Greek words hippos for horse and phaes for shining. The specific epithet rhamnoides goes back to the word rhamnus , which means thorn and refers to the reinforcement of the sea buckthorn. As synonyms of Hippophae rhamnoides L. apply Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson and Rhamnoides hippophae Moench .

Depending on the author, there are some subspecies of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (selection):

  • Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. carpatica Rousi - Carpathian sea buckthorn has its main occurrence in forests and bushes in dry and warm locations in pre-alpine area types. It is considered a characteristic of the association ( Salici-Hippophaetum rhamnoides ). Its saplings are just growing. The berries are spherical in shape and form lanceolate to narrow-egg-shaped seeds. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Salici-Hippophaetum from the Berberidion association.
  • Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. fluviatilis Soest - Mountain Sea Buckthorn occurs mainly in pre-alpine area types and is characterized by long, flexible branches, three to six millimeters wide leaves and oval, non-flattened seeds. Its reinforcement is less pronounced. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Salici-Hippophaetum from the Berberidion association.
  • Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. rhamnoides - Coastal Sea Buckthorn Its main occurrence is in the dunes of the coastal regions and there forms the characteristic species of the association Sea Buckthorn-Dune Willow Bushes ( Hippophao-Salicetum arenariae ). It has a very thorny appearance. Its short branches stand stiffly upright. The saplings are often twisted and knotted. The mostly cylindrical, orange-red to yellow fruits contain elliptical, flattened seeds. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Hippophaeo-Salicetum arenariae from the association Salicion arenariae.

As synonyms for Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. rhamnoides apply to Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. maritima Soest and Hippophae litoralis Salisb.

Botanical history

Until the 16th century, the buckthorn was the family of the cross thorn plants ( Rhamnaceae counted) and Clusius called Rhamnus II. The sea buckthorn was called Oleaster germanica or "wild German olive tree" (Cruydt-Boeck Dodonaei 1544, reprint 1644). The Low German name for the sea buckthorn widespread on the North Sea coast is "Duyn-bessie" or "Duyn-dorn", the current Dutch name is Duindoorn (dune berry, dune thorn). In the 17th century were under Dioscorides plant buckthorn ( Rhamnus cathartica ), buckthorn ( Frangula alnus ) and sea buckthorn to Kreuselbeer together ( " It's still a race / a little white / like is ... ") and sea buckthorn name Hippophaes Dioscoridis suggested.

Common names

The name sea buckthorn for the species or the fruit is derived from the location. Likewise, names such as Haffduurn, meaning Haff for Baltic Sea bay (Mecklenburg), Griesbeer, derived from the Middle High German Griez for sand (Tyrol: Lienz), and Audorn (Tyrol) refer to typical growing species.

As further German-language trivial names, some only regionally, are or were u. a. Related: Doorn (Juist Island), Durnbusch (Hiddensee), Fürdorn (Baden), Besingstrauch (Brandenburg), Fasanbeer (Salzburg), Amritscherl, derived from the specific epithet rhamnoides (Lower Austria: Kritzendorf), Tubakröhrlistude (Graubünden), Weisseldern (Mals). The Swiss Association for Vegetarianism still uses the names coral and sea berries on its homepage.

ingredients

Sea buckthorn berries have an unusually high vitamin C content. Depending on the variety, this varies between 200 and 900 mg per 100 g of pulp. This means that the average vitamin C content of 50 mg per 100 g in lemons or oranges is exceeded several times. The latter, however, are consumed in significantly higher quantities, which puts this information into perspective. For rose hips and acerola cherries , significantly higher values ​​were found with levels of 1250 mg and 1300–1700 mg per 100 g of pulp, respectively. Sea buckthorn berries also contain beta-carotene and tannins in significant amounts .

Sea buckthorn also contains small amounts of vitamin B12 , which is otherwise almost exclusively found in animal food. This is caused by a symbiosis with bacteria on the outer skin of the fruit. The presence of this vitamin in corresponding products is linked to the presence of sea buckthorn pulp. So far, there are no independent findings on this, and the circumstances that are supposed to lead to the high cobalamine content of sea buckthorn have not been disclosed.

Sea buckthorn pulp contains between three and five percent oil. Sea buckthorn oils ( kernel and fruit oil or mixed) are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids , have a very high proportion of carotenes and practically combine the entire vitamin complex. It also contains a high proportion of palmitoleic acid .

use

Sea buckthorn fruits
Sea buckthorn seeds

Today sea buckthorn is offered in a wide range of products. Due to difficult harvest conditions and a long start-up phase of around six to eight years until the first harvest, sea buckthorn is a relatively expensive raw material.

Use in medicine

The fresh, ripe sea buckthorn fruits and sea ​​buckthorn kernel oil are used in folk medicine .

Sea buckthorn fruits are used in the form of juices and extracts. Due to its high vitamin C content , it is used when susceptible to colds, febrile infections and during convalescence .

The fatty oil promotes wound healing , this property has long been used in Eastern Europe to heal radiation damage, e.g. B. used by X-rays or sunburn . The experimental use in atopic dermatitis , however, was not convincing. In Central Europe , sea buckthorn kernel oil has recently been found in numerous cosmetic products.

Sea buckthorn can also be used effectively to prevent dry or reddened eyes. On the skin, skin defects and itching can be treated with the help of sea buckthorn. Sea buckthorn can have positive effects on the function of the kidneys and protects the kidneys from damaging influences.

Sea buckthorn with rock candy

Use as food

Sea buckthorn is of little importance for fresh consumption. Otherwise there are similar uses as with other berry fruits, whereby the use as fruit puree, fruit juice and, in dried form, as a spice stands out.

As a drink, sea buckthorn is offered as an orange-colored thick fruit juice , nectar and as a component of mixed drinks and cocktails. The berries are also processed into alcoholic beverages such as fruit wine and liqueur ( pheasant shower ). Sea buckthorn fruits are traditionally used as an aromatic ingredient in herbal and fruit teas . Herbal and fruit tea blends with sea buckthorn berries have become more popular in recent years. The sour taste gives rooibos , for example, a special note. Also jam or fruit spread can be made from sea buckthorn.

The kernels are used to produce high-quality vegetable oil for skin care products and dietary supplements , as is the pulp oil, which is more valuable from the manufacturer's point of view.

According to studies by the universities of Dresden and Sofia, there are no known side effects when taking sea buckthorn oil or juice, even over long periods of time.

Landscape gardening importance

In gardening and landscaping, the sea buckthorn is often used as a hedge plant and bird food tree. As a winter stand , it also offers high ornamental value in the dark season. The sea buckthorn is less suitable for a settlement in smaller ornamental or kitchen gardens. Due to its pronounced root brood and the extensive root system, it tends to displace neighboring plants and to root through the planting area over a wide area. Containment is then only possible to a limited extent. Measures such as rhizome barriers are therefore seen as sensible when planting in less spacious areas.

Biological engineering importance

The sea buckthorn is characterized by its wind resistance, salt tolerance and an extensive root system. It is therefore often used to reinforce the ground in sandy locations such as dunes, river and coastal areas. As a pioneer plant, it can thrive on raw soil , slowly building up the humus content with the help of Frankia alni, which lives in symbiosis with it, and thus preparing the soil for more demanding subsequent plants. A sea buckthorn hedge develops dense branches and serves as a nest and shelter for numerous birds.

Wood

The wood of the sea buckthorn is characterized by a narrow yellow sapwood and a lively brown core. It is durable, fine-grained, of medium weight and easy to polish and is used as wood turner and firewood. Since it contains quercetin , it can also be used to dye yellow and brown.

Sea buckthorn with many fruits

cultivation

Sea buckthorn was first grown in Germany in the GDR at the end of the 1960s . Since the high vitamin content was assessed as a valuable contribution to public health, research funds were made available to the relevant institutes. As a result, innovative harvesting methods and new varieties through breeding and mutation were developed. Clinical studies have verified a positive effect of the ingredients contained in sea buckthorn. At the end of the 1980s, cooperations were entered into with Eastern European universities and producers. In 1980 the first sea buckthorn plantation with a size of 3 hectares was established in Ludwigslust . By 1989, the cultivation area in the northern districts of the GDR and in the Potsdam district had expanded to over 150 hectares. In the 1990s, many areas fell into disrepair, but sea buckthorn cultivation has been expanding again for the last 15 years. In 2014 the area under cultivation was 671 hectares. The main cultivation areas are in Brandenburg with over 300 hectares, around 200 hectares in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and 100 hectares in Saxony-Anhalt. On the approximately 120 ha near Ludwigslust, the harvest is between 45 (2016) and 70 (2017) tons of sea buckthorn.

In France , sea buckthorn cultivation is most pronounced in the southern and high Alps. Numerous local producers offer typical regional products and specialties based on sea buckthorn. In Champsaur ( Hautes-Alpes department ), sea buckthorn products, like the famous “Tourton du Champsaur”, are among the characteristic specialties of the region.

The People's Republic of China is now the largest producer of sea buckthorn with over a million hectares of cultivated land. The cultivation area in Germany is insignificant internationally.

Pests

The most important pest in sea buckthorn cultivation is the sea ​​buckthorn fruit fly . An increasing problem with sea buckthorn crops is a previously unknown pathogen that affects crops in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in particular and also causes them to die.

Others

The sea buckthorn is mentioned in Nina Hagen's hit You forgot the color film , which was released in 1974 ("The sea buckthorn stood high on the beach at Hiddensee ...").

literature

  • Heinrich Buser, Willem Frans Daems and Wilhelm Pelikan (eds.): The sea buckthorn, Hippophaë rhamnoides. A pioneer of life. Weleda, Arlesheim 1964 (= Weleda series, 6).
  • Siegrid Hirsch, Felix Grünberger: The herbs in my garden. 20th edition, Freya Verlag, Linz 2015, ISBN 3-902134-79-8 .
  • Frank Löser: The sea buckthorn (origin, application & recipes). Demmler Verlag, Schwerin 2006, ISBN 3-910150-71-3 .
  • Konrad Kölbl: Kölbl's herbal primer. Reprint Verlag, pp. 263/264, 25th edition, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-87411-160-1 .
  • Rothmaler: Excursion flora from Germany. Vascular plants, basic volume , Spektrum-Verlag ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 .
  • Stinglwagner , Haseder , Erlbeck: Das Kosmos Wald- und Forstlexikon , Kosmos-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-440-10375-3 .
  • Marlis Weber, Bernd Küllenberg: Naturally healthy with sea buckthorn , W. Ludwig Buchverlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-7787-3796-1 .
  • Thomas SC Li, Thomas HJ Beveridge: Sea Buckthorn . NRC Research Press 2003, ISBN 0-660-19007-9 .
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants , Franckh-Kosmos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2011, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Hegi, Dr. Gustav / Damboldt, Dr. J .: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa , Volume V / 2, Dicotyledones - Part 3 ( Cactaceae - Cornaceae ) with supplements, corrections and additions, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 1965, p. 732.
  2. ↑ O. Heinisch: The most urgent breeding goals in sea buckthorn In: TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics , Volume 17, Numbers 13-15, January 1947, Springer Verlag, p. 430.
  3. ↑ a b Stinglwagner, Haseder, Erlbeck: Das Kosmos Wald und Forstlexikon , p. 733.
  4. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 , p. 480 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 661–662.
  6. ^ David R. Benson: Frankia and Elaeagnaceae.
  7. ↑ Dr. Ruth M. Wallner: Forest: Biotop and Myth (Green Series of the Ministry of Life), Verlag Böhlau Vienna; 1st edition 2011, page 18. ISBN 978-3-205-78638-2
  8. ↑ First Red List of Large Mushrooms in Switzerland (PDF; 455 kB).
  9. ↑ Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. AR Pittaway, accessed March 15, 2011 .
  10. ^ Gerhard Lang: Quaternary vegetation history of Europe: Methods and results. Verlag G. Fischer, Jena / Stuttgart / New York 1994, ISBN 978-3-334-60405-2 . Pp. 313-315.
  11. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 18th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular plants: Grundband, Spektrum, Heidelberg et al. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , p. 249.
  12. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum 2, 1753, pp. 1023-1024.
  13. ↑ Hippophae rhamnoides at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 17, 2015.
  14. ↑ a b Hippophae rhamnoides L., Sea buckthorn. In: FloraWeb.de.
  15. ↑ Compare: Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbaei Kraeuterbuch ... translated into German by Johann Danzius, ed. by Petrus Uffenbach, Frankfurt am Main (printed by Johann Bringern) 1610.
  16. ↑ Dericks-Tan, Vollbrecht: On the trail of wild fruits in Europe , Abadi-Verlag 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-021129-4 , p. 252.
  17. ^ "Feinschmecker-Fahrt: Guten Appetit" , overview by Gisela Schmidt on vegetarismus.ch
  18. ^ Klaus Dörner, Renate Dörner, Thomas Deufel: Clinical chemistry and hematology . Thieme, 2009, ISBN 978-3-13-151927-6 , p. 262 ( excerpt (Google) )
  19. ↑ Robert Ebermann, I. Elmadfa: Textbook food chemistry and nutrition . Springer, 2011, ISBN 978-3-7091-0211-4 , p. 431 ( excerpt (Google) )
  20. ↑ sanddorn-ratgeber.de. August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018 .
  21. ↑ European Herbal Infusions Association: Inventory List of Herbals Considered as Food ( Memento from December 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ Sea buckthorn vitamin bomb: The GDR lemon is back at diepresse.com , accessed on January 29, 2012
  23. ^ Sea buckthorn an all-rounder ( Memento from January 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Sea buckthorn in portrait. (PDF; 684 kB).
  25. ↑ Information about the cultivation of sea buckthorn in the GDR .
  26. ↑ Friedrich Höhne, Karl-Heinz Kuhnke: The Sea Buckthorn Fruit Fly ( Rhagoletis batava ) - Studies on Biology and Occurrence 2014 in Gülzow ( Memento from November 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ).
  27. ↑ Good sea buckthorn harvest expected , NDR report from September 1, 2017, accessed on September 1, 2017
  28. ↑ Information about sea buckthorn cultivation in the High Alps (fr) ( Memento from June 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  29. ↑ Information about sea ​​buckthorn cultivation in China (fr) at univers-nature.com .
  30. ↑ Quotation: "Sea buckthorn fly ( Rhagoletis batava Her.) Is the most dangerous insect; it penetrates the fruits and feeds on the fruit flesh, making fruits unacceptable for use." from Thomas SC Li, Thomas HJ Beveridge: Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) production and utilization . Ed .: NRC Research Press. Ottawa 2003, ISBN 0-660-19007-9 , pp. 48 (English).
  31. ↑ Mysterious sea buckthorn pest in the daily newspaper of November 14, 2019

Web links

Commons : Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files