Sea buckthorn fruit fly
| Sea buckthorn fruit fly | ||||||||||||
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Sea buckthorn fruit fly ( Rhagoletis batava ) |
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| Rhagoletis batava | ||||||||||||
| Hering , 1958 |
The sea buckthorn fruit fly ( Rhagoletis batava ) is a species from the family of bored flies . Of the nine species of the genus Rhagoletis that occur in Europe , it is the only species that lives on sea buckthorn.
Description and characteristics
The flies reach a body length of approx. 5 to 5.5 millimeters. The head including the antennae and mouthparts is colored red-yellow with a black spot between the ocelles and a black mark on the back of the head. The trunk is predominantly glossy black, on top of the mesonotum it has four vertical stripes that are offset from one another and look gray due to light pollination. The scutellum is pale yellow, only the basal third black. The abdomen is black, slightly lightly pollinated, with indistinct, narrow, yellow-colored tergith posterior margins. The legs are predominantly colored yellow, the femur of the front legs has a black longitudinal line, the femora of the middle and hind legs are predominantly black with a yellow tip. The wings are predominantly crystal clear (hyaline) with four conspicuous, dark longitudinal bands, of which the two outer fronts are connected in a V-shape. The foremost (apical) bandage is separated from the wing marginal vein (costa) in the tip part by a clear, hyaline zone. The species can be easily distinguished from the cherry fruit fly ( Rhagoletis cerasi ) by the lack of the black longitudinal spot on the wing leading edge between the second and third wing stripes (the discal and preapical band). The Rhagoletis indifferens , newly introduced to Europe from North America, has a forked apical ligament.
distribution
The species was first described from the island of Terschelling , Netherlands . It occurs on sea buckthorn from here east to Siberia, but is absent in Great Britain, for example . Economic damage in sea buckthorn cultivation was previously only reported in Russia and Belarus . The species seems to be expanding now. It was first found in Lithuania in 2011 .
Since 2013 the species has also appeared as a pest in sea buckthorn cultures in Germany . In 2013 it was detected almost simultaneously in Gülzow , Mecklenburg and in a sea buckthorn strike in Werder (Havel) (Brandenburg). Since the larvae, which are usually only detectable, cannot be determined down to the species, the species was identified genetically using DNA barcoding . It was later proven that the species had occurred here earlier, but went unnoticed because it initially caused hardly any damage. It also occurs in wild occurrences of the species.
Biology and way of life
The sea buckthorn fruit fly drills into the unripe sea buckthorn fruit and lays its eggs in it. After the maggot is eaten, the fruits dry up. The pupae overwinter in the ground. The main flight time of the species is in the second half of June and the first half of July. The pupae overwintering in the ground hatch in June, then the females lay eggs on the sea buckthorn fruits with their laying stinger, from which larvae hatch after a short time.
Economic importance
Before the appearance of the species, there was no known damage from pests worth mentioning in the German sea buckthorn crops, which cover around 671 hectares of cultivated land in Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and the crops managed almost without pesticides. Significant crop damage has been reported since 2013. Control with insecticides such as the neonicotinoid acetamiprid is possible, but up to now, more than 90 percent of sea buckthorn has been grown in organic farming .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Friedrich Höhne, Karl-Heinz Kuhnke: The Sea Buckthorn Fruit Fly ( Rhagoletis batava ) - Studies on Biology and Occurrence 2014 in Gülzow ( Memento of the original from November 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Erich M. Hering (1958): Two new Palearctic Rhagoletis (Diptera, Trypetidae) . Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History No. 7, 1958, pp. 1-4.
- ↑ Bob van Aartsen (2001): Rhagoletis indifferens, een nieuwe boorvlieg voor de nederlandse fauna (Diptera: Tephritidae). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 14: 19-22.
- ^ Ian M. White: Tephritid flies (Diptera, Tephritidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol. 10, Part Sa. Royal Entomological Society of London, 1988. ISBN 0-901546-68-2
- ↑ Lyubov D. Shamanskaya: Bioecology of sea buckthorn fly ( Rhagoletis batava obscuriosa Kol.) And pest control treatments in Altai Region
- ↑ Arturs Stalažs (2012): Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies in Latvia. RPD abstracts 1, 10.
- ↑ Julia-Kristin Plate, Ulrike Holz, Marko Riede, Nadine Neuenfeldt (2014): First appearance of the sea buckthorn fruit fly (Rhagoletis batava Her.) In the state of Brandenburg (north-east Germany) . 59th German Plant Protection Conference "Research - Knowledge - Protect Plants: Secure Nutrition!" September 23 to 26, 2014, Freiburg. Poster animal pests.
