Real spoonbill
| Real spoonbill | ||||||||||||
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Common spoonbill ( Cochlearia officinalis ), illustration |
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| Cochlearia officinalis | ||||||||||||
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The common spoonbill ( Cochlearia officinalis ) is a species of plant that belongs to the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). Other common names are bitter cress , Skorbutkraut, spoon leaves, spoon watercress and lesser celandine . It is a medicinal and culinary herb that has almost been forgotten .
description
The real spoonbill grows as a biennial to perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 50 cm. The above-ground parts of the plant are bare. The leaves stand together in a basal rosette and are distributed on the stem. The basal sheets are mostly kidney-shaped. The upper stem leaves are sessile as well as encompassing the stem and heart-shaped.
The flowers are on racemose inflorescences . The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are four-fold. The four free petals are 3 to 5.5 mm long and white.
The fruit stalks are almost horizontal from the inflorescence axis and are one to three times as long as the ripe pods. The pods are egg-shaped to spherical and usually rounded at both ends. The seeds are up to 1.5 mm long.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Occurrence
It occurs in the salty marshland , especially in the higher zones of the salt marshes by the sea. The original distribution area includes France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the European Russia. In Spain and Italy the species is a neophyte. Its relatives include the English spoonweed ( Cochlearia anglica ) and the Danish spoonweed ( Cochlearia danica ). It is one of the first spring flowers. It is a character species of the class Asteretea tripolii in Central Europe.
Systematics
One can distinguish four subspecies:
- Cochlearia officinalis L. subsp. officinalis
- Cochlearia officinalis subsp. integrifolia (Hartm.) Nordal & Stabbetorp : It occurs in Great Britain, Norway and Russia.
- Cochlearia officinalis subsp. norvegica Nordal & Stabbetorp : It occurs in Norway, Russia and maybe Finland .
- Cochlearia officinalis subsp. scotica (Druce) PS Wyse Jacks. : It occurs in Great Britain and Ireland.
ecology
The spoonwort collects the salt in its leaves and then gradually expels it when it dries up.
use
300 years ago it was planted in almost all European gardens because it was an effective plant against scurvy . It was therefore salted in and taken in barrels on sea voyages. Even the Vikings are said to have made use of these properties on their sea voyages.
Spoonweed thrives in a sunny spot as well as in partial or full shade. It needs moisture. You can sow spoonweed in spring and autumn, the seeds just have to be pressed flat on the ground and they germinate after 21 to 28 days. The plants are about 30 cm high and should be about 10 to 20 cm apart. If you need a few leaves in the kitchen, you can also pick individual leaves from under the snow, because it remains evergreen.
Spoonbill tastes similar to cress (also a species from the cruciferous family). It goes well with all leaf salads, herb quark, herb butter, yellow beets and potatoes. It is difficult to dry, but it is easy to soak in salt.
Medicine
Spoonweed is used against springtime tiredness and fatigue after great physical exertion. It is said to have a hemostatic effect on bleeding in the mouth and nose, the tea from the dried plant is said to be helpful for gout and rheumatism. As the part of the name "officinalis" shows, the plant used to be part of the pharmacist's foundation .
Active ingredients
Active ingredients are: vitamin C , mustard oil glycoside glucocochlearin, isothiocyanates, bitter substances , minerals , tannins . In addition essential oil .
See also
Web links
- Real spoonbill. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Real spoonbill . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to: Eric Hultén , Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Individual evidence
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 104. ( online ).
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 452.
- ^ Cochlearia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
- ↑ a b c Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae : Datasheet Cochlearia In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ DE GRUYTER Pschyrembel Hunnius Pharmaceutical Dictionary