District of Thorn
The district of Thorn (until 1900 district of Thorn ) was a Prussian district in the Marienwerder administrative district that existed from 1818 to 1920 . With this he belonged to the Province of West Prussia , in the meantime from 1829 to 1878 to the Province of Prussia . Its county seat was Thorn . It was located in that part of West Prussia that fell to newly founded Poland after the First World War in 1920 through the Treaty of Versailles . From 1939 to 1945 there was another district of Thorn in the newly established Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia in occupied Poland . Today the former district is in the Polish Kujawy-Pomeranian Voivodeship .
geography
The district was located in the Kulmerland in the extreme south of West Prussia and was traversed by the Vistula , with the greater part of the district area lying on the right (eastern) bank. With the city of Thorn , which was independent from 1900 , the district had a real urban center, which was not the case everywhere in sparsely populated West Prussia. The even larger city of Bromberg was immediately west of the district area.
The district bordered West Prussian territory only in the northeast and north, namely on the districts of Briesen and Kulm . In the southwest were the districts of Bromberg and Hohensalza , which belonged to the province of Poznan . In the southeast the district bordered on Congress Poland , which belonged to the Russian Empire .
Administrative history
The northern part of the district came to Prussia through the first Polish division in 1772 , the city of Thorn and its neighboring towns followed in 1793 as part of the second Polish division . The Prussian provincial authorities ordinance of April 30, 1815 and its implementing provisions made the area part of the Marienwerder administrative district of the new province of West Prussia . As part of a comprehensive district reform in the Marienwerder administrative district, the new district of Thorn was formed on April 1, 1818. This included the cities of Culmsee , Kowalewo (Schönsee), Podgorz and Thorn, the domain offices Brzezinko and Culmsee, the office Dybow and 67 noble estates. The seat of the district office was the city of Thorn.
From December 3, 1829 to April 1, 1878, West Prussia and East Prussia were united to form the Province of Prussia , which had belonged to the North German Confederation since July 1, 1867 and to the German Empire since January 1, 1871 .
On October 1, 1887, the district ceded part of its territory, including the town of Schönsee, to the new district of Briesen . Since April 1, 1900, the city of Thorn formed its own urban district . The district of Thorn was then renamed the district of Thorn . On April 1, 1906, the rural communities Mocker and Korzeniec as well as the Weisshof manor district left the district and were incorporated into the urban district of Thorn.
Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , the district of Thorn had to be ceded to Poland on January 10, 1920 . The district area continued as Powiat Toruński ( Thorner Kreis ).
As a result of the attack on Poland in 1939, the territory of the Polish Corridor was annexed by the German Reich . On November 26, 1939, the district under its German name became part of the newly formed Reichsgau West Prussia - later Danzig-West Prussia - in the new administrative district of Bromberg . In the spring of 1945, the district was occupied by the Red Army and again part of Poland. In the following period, the remaining German population was largely out of the circle area sold .
population
The following is an overview with official information on the number of inhabitants, denominations and language groups. It must be taken into account that the circle was reduced in size in 1887 and 1900 and the figures cannot be compared across these times. The combined values of the city and district of Thorn for 1900 and 1910 have been added as a guide.
| year | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1852 | 1861 | 1871 | 1880 | / | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | / | 1900 | 1910 |
| Residents | 32.030 | 34,480 | ? | 54,334 | 57,830 | 69,979 | ? | / | 87,544 | 96,299 | 105,544 | / | ? | 59,317 |
|
Evangelical Catholics Jews |
13,652 17,733 423 |
15,202 18,427 656 |
22,913 27,572 1,386 |
26,079 29,887 1,678 |
30,375 37,500 1,934 |
/ / / |
41,539 43,884 1,834 |
44,739 49,464 1,693 |
48,219 55,171 1,334 |
/ / / |
25,252 33,429 329 |
|||
|
German-speaking, bilingual, Polish -speaking |
16,053 - 18,427 |
26,236 - 25,769 |
30,224 - 27,606 |
/ / / |
49,345 1,649 36,517 |
52,881 2,239 41,126 |
58,256 1,142 45,927 |
/ / / |
27,751 473 31,020 |
politics
District administrators
- 1818–1832 by Nalecz-Grąbczewski († 1858)
- 1832–1851 Hermann von Besser
- 1851–1859 Hermann Barschall (1815–1859)
- 1860–1866 Georg von Steinmann (1830–1901)
- 1869– Dagobert Borchert (provisional from March 1869)
- 1870-1883 Emil Hoppe
- 1883–1896 Franz Krahmer (1851–1930)
- 1896–1903 Karl Miesitschek von Wischkau (1859–1937)
- 1903–1911 Friedrich Wilhelm Meister (1870–1946)
- 1911–1919 Walther Kleemann
- 1919–1920 Hoffmann
elections
In the German Reich, the continued electoral district Kwidzyn 4 from the circles Thorn and Kulm together within the limits of the 1871st Between 1871 and 1920, the constituency was won alternately by National Liberal and Polish candidates.
cities and communes
In 1910, the district of Thorn included the two cities of Culmsee and Podgorz as well as 66 rural communities.
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The district also included a large number of manor districts.
The district of Thorn in occupied Poland 1939–1945
Administrative history
After the attack on Poland , the city of Kulmsee was subject to the German municipal code of January 30, 1935, which was valid in the Altreich and provided for the enforcement of the Führer principle at the municipal level. The other communities were grouped together in administrative districts , manor districts no longer existed.
District administrators
- 1939–1941 Alfred Kipke
- 1941–1943 Evil
- 1943–1945 Ernst Hild ( acting )
Place names
By unpublished decree of December 29, 1939, the German place names valid until 1918 were provisionally valid with regard to the previously Polish place names. This comprehensive renaming was possible because the entire German map series for the areas ceded to Poland in 1920 (also) continued to use the earlier German place names. By means of the order concerning the change of place names of the Reich Governor in Danzig-West Prussia of June 25, 1942, all place names were Germanized with the consent of the Reich Minister of the Interior. Either the name from 1918 was retained or - if "not German enough" - acoustically adjusted or translated, for example:
- Amthal: Amtal, Kr. Thorn,
- Culmsee (Polish Chełmża): Kulmsee,
- Grabowitz (Polish Grabowiec): Hainbusch,
- Leibitsch (Polish Lubicz): Leibisch,
- Lubianka: Luben,
- Ottlotschin (Polish Ottłoczin): Krügershauland,
- Podgorz (Polish Podgórz): Amberg,
- Rentschkau: Renskau,
- Warschewitz: Warschütz,
- Zlotterie (Polish Złotoria): customs castle.
literature
- Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 51-52, item 6.
- E. Jacobson: Topographical-statistical manual for the district of Marienwerder , Danzig 1868, pp. 204-217.
- Outline of German administrative history 1815–1945 . Row A: Prussia. Ed. Walther Hubatsch . Volume 1: East and West Prussia . Editor Dieter Stüttgen Marburg / Lahn: Johann-Gottfried-Herder-Institut 1975. pp. 246–248.
- Georg Maximilian Franz von Steinmann : The district of Thorn - statistical description. Lambeck, Thorn 1866 ( Online, Google ).
- Hans Maercker: History of the rural villages and the three smaller towns of the Thorn district in its earlier expansion before the branch of the Briesen i district. J. 1888 . Danzig 1899–1900 ( limited preview )
- ACA Friedrich: Historical-geographical representation of old and new Poland . Berlin 1839, p. 611.
- M. Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. (online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)
Web links
- District of Thorn Administrative history and district list on the website territorial.de (Rolf Jehke), as of July 25, 2013.
Individual evidence
- ^ Max Töppen: Historisch-Comparative Geographie von Preussen . Justus Perthes, Gotha 1858, p. 354 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Leszek Belzyt: Linguistic minorities in the Prussian state from 1815 to 1914. Marburg 1998. p. 115.
- ↑ B. Holtz (edit.): The protocols of the Prussian State Ministry 1817–1934 / 38. Vol. 4 / II. In: Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): Acta Borussica . New episode. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim 2003, ISBN 3-487-11827-0 , p. 542 ( Online ; PDF 1.9 MB).
- ^ Horst Romeyk : The leading state and municipal administrative officials of the Rhine Province 1816–1945 (= publications of the Society for Rhenish History . Volume 69 ). Droste, Düsseldorf 1994, ISBN 3-7700-7585-4 , p. 373 .
- ^ The members of the North German Reichstag, the Customs Parliament and the German Reichstag 1867–1918 (BIORAB-KAISERREICH). Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
- ^ Victory candidates in the Reichstag elections in the Kulm – Thorn constituency
- ↑ a b municipalities and manor districts 1910 with population figures
Administrative districts: Gdansk | Marienwerder
Districts: Gdansk | Elbing | Graudenz | Thorn
Counties: Berent | Briesen | Gdansk | Danzig Heights | Danzig Lowlands | German crown | Dirschau | Elbing | Flatow | Graudenz | Karthaus | Konitz | Kulm | Löbau | Marienburg | Marienwerder | Neustadt i. Western pr. | Prussian Stargard | Cute | Rosenberg i. Western pr. | Schlochau | Schwetz | Strasburg i. Western pr. | Stuhm | Thorn | Tuchel